Bibarys Aidos Un interven to Somalia pptx.pdf

Pptx

1. UN intervention to
Somalia

2. UN peacekeeping operation in Somalia was
held in 1992-1995 during the civil war in the
country. At the first stage (Operation Revival of
Hope), the task was to ensure the safe delivery
and distribution of humanitarian aid; at the
second stage (Operation Continuation of
Hope), the tasks were set to help end the war in
Somalia.
Introduction

3. Background
In the early 1980s, the Somali opposition
began an armed struggle against the
Government Mohammed Siad Barre. In 1988,
a full-scale civil war broke out in the country,
as a result of which the Barre regime was
overthrown in January 1991. However, in the
autumn of the same year, fighting broke out
with renewed vigor, this time between
various rebel groups fighting for power. With
the ongoing fighting and the absence of a
central government in the country, all State
and social structures in Somalia have been
destroyed. In 1992, a famine began, which,
according to rough estimates, claimed
about 300 thousand lives.

4. UN intervention
Amid the humanitarian disaster in Somalia The
UN Security Council established the UNOSOM I
mission in April 1992 . Initially, 50 unarmed
observers were stationed in Somalia as part of
this mission, which had no effect on the course
of events in the country. At the same time,
humanitarian organizations involved in the
delivery of food to Somalia faced the
arbitrariness of local armed groups. Employees
of organizations had to pay tribute for passing
through the territory controlled by one or
another group; in some cases, humanitarian aid
was simply looted.
In these circumstances, in the summer of
1992, it came to the deployment of four
peacekeeping battalions in Somalia to
protect humanitarian operations. However,
the first of these battalions (the Pakistani
one) deployed in Mogadishu in the autumn
was met with open hostility by local
groups, and was actually unable to
perform its functions according to the
UNOSOM I mandate. In this regard, the
dispatch of the other three battalions was
postponed.

5. Revival of Hope
Operation Revival of Hope began on December 9, 1992 with the landing of US
Marine Corps units in Mogadishu. By the end of December, UNITAF contingents
had mostly occupied their areas of responsibility. There were several armed
clashes with detachments of local field commanders, but the main opposing
groups stopped fighting and agreed to negotiate with the mediation of the UN.
In general, Operation Revival of Hope has achieved its goals. UN troops laid or repaired 1,200 km of
roads, built bridges, dug wells, opened schools, shelters, hospitals[2]. The delivery of humanitarian aid
to Somalia has finally become unhindered, in addition, a process of national reconciliation has been
launched in the country. Taking into account the success of UNITAF, Boutros Boutros-Ghali in March
1993 proposed to the UN Security Council to move to the next stage of the operation, which no longer
provided for humanitarian operations, but participation in the restoration of the central government in
the country. In May 1993, Operation Return of Hope was completed. It was replaced by Operation
Continuation of Hope (UNOSOM II), the control of which was transferred from the United States to the UN.

6. Continuation of hope
The ongoing process of national reconciliation
and the formation of a new government of
Somalia under the supervision of the UN did not
satisfy one of the leaders of local armed
groups, Mohammed Farrah Aidid. After the
main part of the American contingent left the
country, the UN troops were seriously
weakened militarily. In addition, very soon there
was a lack of unity on the question of who
should exercise direct control over the national
contingents — the UN or the governments of
the respective countries. Against this
background, Aidid made a choice in favor of
resuming the armed struggle for power.
On June 5, 1993, the Pakistani unit of UNOSOM
moved to the city radio station, which was
under the control of Aidid's supporters. Fighting
began, in which the Pakistanis lost 23 soldiers
killed and 54 wounded. Following this, US
helicopter gunships began patrolling the city,
which caused panic. Some of the locals left the
city. The number of civilian personnel of the UN
and other international organizations in the
country was also reduced (only until June 8,
1993, 80 UN civilian personnel were removed
from Somalia to Nairobi).
In response, the US rapid reaction forces
conducted a series of military actions against
Aidid-controlled facilities in Mogadishu, which
resulted in civilian casualties. After that, a
significant part of the city's population began
to sympathize with Aidid as a fighter against
the "UN intervention". A reward was set for the
head of the field commander, the UN actually
outlawed him, thereby opposing one of the
participants in the conflict in Somalia.

7. After the end of operation
After the battle in Mogadishu, a truce was concluded between the UN and Aidid. The American public was shocked
by the scene shown on television of how triumphant Somalis dragged the body of a dead Delta soldier on ropes
around the city. US President Bill Clinton was forced to announce the temporary strengthening of the American
contingent in Somalia with the establishment of a deadline for its withdrawal from the country no later than March
1994, which was carried out. Other peacekeeping contingents remained, but the leaders of the countries that sent
them declared their desire to withdraw their contingents, which was done in general terms by the end of 1994. At
the final stage, the peacekeepers were already performing purely humanitarian tasks. The main goal of UNOSOM II
— ending the civil war in Somalia — has not been achieved. The last UN troops left the country in March 1995.
According to official UN data, the losses of the UN peacekeeping forces in the UNOSOM operation amount to 160
people killed[10], some more were wounded and injured.
In addition, facts of bullying and deliberate murder of Somali civilians by soldiers from several contingents have
become known. In general, the operation "Continuation of Hope" caused significant damage to the prestige of the
UN, and the concept of "Somalia syndrome" appeared in the United States, which meant that the public did not
accept any human losses in small military operations.

8. In 1999, American journalist Mark Bowden
published the book "The Fall of the Black
Hawk: A Story about Modern Warfare",
dedicated to the battle in Mogadishu on
October 3-4, 1993. In 2001, based on the
book, the film "Black Hawk" was shot, which
had large box office receipts. The same
plot is dedicated to the computer shooter
game "Delta Force: Black Hawk Down".
In the culture

9. Conclusion
The UN intervention in Somalia in 1992 aimed
to address humanitarian crises and restore
stability. However, it faced challenges such
as the complexity of local conflicts,
inadequate planning, and the unexpected
escalation of violence. The mission's
conclusion in 1995 without achieving all its
goals highlighted the difficulties in
implementing effective peacekeeping and
the need for careful consideration of local
dynamics in such interventions.

10. Thank You
For Your Attention