Bio control agent

Department of Entomology
NDUA&T Kumarganj Faizabad 224229

1. Anything can wait ,But not Agriculture.. . welcome

2. Course Seminar On Bio-control agents and their uses Mr. R. N. NISHAD Ph. D. Scholar Department of Entomology Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Faizabad – 224229 (U.P.)

3. Highlights: Introduction History Types of Bio-control agent Parasitoids Predators Entomopathogens Uses of Bio-control agents Merit & demerit of Bio-control Conclusion

4. What is bio-control? Bio-control can be simply defined as the application of one living organism to control another. Bio-control is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases by using other organisms. This process is also referred to a biological control.

5. The production of food grain should increase to 250 million tones by the year 2020 in order to meet the needs of the growing population. The environmental pollution caused by excessive use and misuse of agrochemicals, has led to considerable changes in people’s attitudes towards the use of pesticides in agriculture. So in present scenario biological control have significant role in reduce the effects of pests and diseases along with environmental effects. Biocontrol have important role in IPM today with following aspects. (1) Biological control is less costly and cheaper than any other methods. (2) Biocontrol agents give protection to the crop throughout the crop period. (3) They do not cause toxicity to the plants. (4) Application of biocontrol agents is safer to the environment and to the person who applies them. (5) They multiply easily in the soil and leave no residual problem. (6) It increases the crop yield . (7) Biocontrol agents are very easy to handle and apply to the target. (8) Biocontrol agent can be combined with bio-fertilizers. (9) They are easy to manufacture. Continued..

6. Biological control practices involve 3 major techniques ,i.e. Introduction Augmentation Conservation. 1. Introduction or classical biological control : It is deliberate introduction and establishment of natural enemies to a new locality where they did not occur or originate naturally. 2. Augmentation : It is the mass rearing and releasing of natural enemies to supplement the numbers of naturally occurring natural enemies . 3. Conservation : It is the action taken to preserve and increase natural enemies by environmental manipulation. The microbial biocontrol agents are applied in field generally by 3 ways; i . Seed treatment ii. Soil application iii. Foliar application. Continued.. Sources: www.wikipedia.com

7. HISTORY OF BIO-CONTROL 900 A.D. – First time use of insect predators, red ants ( Oecophylla smaragdina ) by Chinese growers to control leaf chewing insects. 1762- Introduction of Indian mynah bird, Gracula religiosa from India to control red locust, Nomadacris septemfaciata . 1888- First successful control of insect cottony cushion scale ( Icerya purchasi ) a pest of citrus in California by using a predator, Vedalia beetle( Rodalia cardinalis )on large scale. 1898- Predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri introduced from Austr.alia into South India for control for citrus mealy bug. 1929- Rodalia cardinalis introduced into India (TN) for control of insect cottony cushion scale ( Icerya purchasi ). Sources: Reddy, D.S. (2014) Applied entomology

8. Continued.. 1937- Aphelinus mali introduced in to Coonor (TN, India) from North America to control apple wooly aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum . 1960- Spogosia bezziana ( Tachinid parasitoids) introduced from Srilanka into India for control of black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella 1979- Eswarmoorthy and David first reportd granulosis visus infection of Chilo infuscatellus . 1981- India first private insectary , Biocontrol Research laboratory was established at Banglore . Bio-control Organization in India Nation Bureau of Agriculturally important insects [ Formely Project Directorate of Biological Control ( PDBC ) ] was established in 1993 at Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

9. Types of bio-control agents: Parasitoids Predators Entomopathogens Entomopathogenic bacteria Baculoviruses Entomo -fungi Protozoans Entomopathogenic Nematodes(EPN)

10. Bio-agents Parasitoids An organism that during its development lives in or the body of single host individuals, eventually kill that host in the process of parasitism.

11. Egg Parasitoids Trichogramma spp. (Small Wasp) Length – 0.4-0.7mm Egg period – 16-24 hrs Larval period – 2-3 days Pre pupal period – 2 days Pupal period – 2-3 days Total life cycle – 8-10 days (summer) 9-12 days (winter ) Host: Lepidopteran pests

12. Species Quantity & Application Insect Crop T. chilonis 50000-100000 pupa/ha , 4-6 time at 8-10 days interval Stem borer, DBM, shoot & fruit borer Okra, Brinjal , sugarcane, maize, Cole crops . T. japonicum 50000-75000 pupa/ha, 4-6 time at 8-10 days interval Stem borer, leaf roller , shoot & fruit borer. Sugarcane , paddy, Brin.jal T. brasiliensis 50000-75000 pupa/ha, 4-6 time at 8-10 days interval Fruit borer and Boll worms Cotton, tomato T. pretiosum 50000-75000 pupa/ha 4-6 time at 8-10 days interval, Fruit borer, DBM Cotton , tomato, cauli flower T. bactrae 50000-75000 pupa/ha, 4-6 time at 8-10 days interval DBM Cole crops . Application of Tricogramma spp.

13. Found all over India where pyrilla is present . Parasitization:60 % eggs of pyrilla . More effective in July to October & November Telenomus spp. & Tetrastichus spp Egg Parasitoid Tetrastichus spp. & Telenomus spp.

14. Larval Parasitoids Habitat - Sugarcane,chickpea,pigeonpea and paddy. Adult female lay eggs on larvae and parasitized it. Female has 16 mm long ovipositor Sugarcane borers are more attacked Apanteles (Cotasia spp. ) Campolestis chloridae against Helicoverpa armigera Platygaster oryzae against rice gall midge

15. Pupal parasitoids: Poliphagous pupal parasitoid Occurance - near irrigated field Use against coconut black headed caterpillar Xanthopimpla Spp .

16. Epiricania melenoleuca Adult and Nymphal parasitoid Against Pyrilla perpusilla Parasitization - 70-90percent. Fecundity- more than 1000 eggs . Rainfall – favorable for breeding . Life cycle - 10-13days(summer), 14-20 days (winter). Use– 8,000-10,000 cocoons/ ha. Or 80,000-1,00,000 eggs/ha. When pests density reached 5-7 pyrilla /leaf.

17. Predators They consume several to many prey over the course of their development, they are free living, and they are usually as big or bigger than their prey. Some predators, including certain syrphid fly and the common green lacewing , are predaceous only as larvae. Other predators are found in the field in different cropping system are lady beetle, rove beetle, damsel fly, dragon fly, mirid bug, ground beetle, and praying mantis, Conobartha aphidivora , Spiders etc.

18. Chrysoperla carnea Predaceous stage – larva Egg period – 3-4 days. Larval period – 11-13 days. Pupal period – 5-7 days. Total life cycle – 35 days. Fecundity 300 - 400 eggs. Control- 80-90 per cent. Predaceuos for – Egg, Aphid, Whitefly, Thrips , Small size larvae and Hoppers.etc. Use @ 50,000-1,00,000 eggs/ ha or 500-1000 Adults/ha, 2 times at15 days interval.

19. Syrphid Fly Adult like honey bees (Pollinator). Larvae white green and light brown (Predator). Aphids are main pray.

20. Lady Beetles Many species Eat soft-bodied insects, especially aphids Larvae unrecognized It reduce the population of aphids Up to 75% Life cycle: 30 days.

21. Conobartha ( Depha ) aphidevora Predator of sugarcane wooly aphid Control: 90 percent insects Precaution: no chemical insecticide spray

22. Rove beetle (Predator ) Damsel fly (Predator) Ground beetle (Predator) Mird bug (Predator) Praying mantis (Predator) Dragon fly (Predator) Other predators

23. ENTOMOPATHOGENS

24. presented by Dr. Gaje Singh in Training on Mass Production of Bio-agents Bacillus thuringiensis ( B.t .) Mode of action: Bt. Endo-toxin Attack on mid gut (high pH- 9.0 alkaline ) Larvae consume foliage treated with Bt.(spores and crystals) Within minute toxin bind with specific receptor in mid gut wall. Within hours mid gut wall broken down, allowing spores to enter the body cavity ( hemocoel ) In 1-2 days larvae die from septicemia. 1.Bacteria

25. Symptoms : Affected larvae become inactive – stop feeding – regurgitate or watery excrement Head capsule large than body size and larvae become flaccid & die. Body content turn towards black as they decompose B.t . infected Helicoverpa Larvae

26. Crop Insect Dosage (Kg. per ha.) Cauliflower, Cabbage DBM,Cabbage butterfly 1.0-1.50 Brinjal Stemborer,Fruit borer 0.5-1.50 Tomato, Cotton, Okra, Chick pea, Sun flower Fruit borer 1.0-1.50 Cauliflower, Cabbage, Cotton Tobacco cater pillar 1.00 Crop wise application and dose against different insect Use of Bt species: Lepidoptera (Bt. Kurstaki & aizawai ) Coleoptera (Bt. tenebrionis) Diptera (Bt. israeliensis ) Application

27. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus(NPV) Infection of baculovirus generally occur by ingestion of occluded or free virion . Ingested virion infect mid gut – occluded bodies dissolve by protease enzyme and free virion reach hemocoel , circulatory system and respiratory system and attack there. 2.Virus

28. presented by Dr. Gaje Singh in Training on Mass Production of Bio-agents Symptoms: occur after 5-7 days of infection Gradual change in colour (infected larvae change light to dark brown ) heamolymph turns cloudy and milky Larvae become less active and losses appetite Shortly before dying larvae move away from food and climb on elevated location to hang. Prior to death integument fragile and easily torn when handled and it is typical system of NPV.

29. Dose : 250 larval Equivalent (L.E.)/ha. Solution Preparation : NPV may be mixed with water along with jaggry and soap powder. Spray Time : Evening Hours Larvae Stage : 1 st and 2 nd Instar Killing Time : 4-6 days Application

30. Beauveria sp. infected Helicoverpa Beauveria spp & Metarhizium spp. Metarrhizium sp. infected white grub Spores (conidia) contact with integument, germinate and develop hyphae . Hyphae enter in hemocoel and develop mycelium. Produce toxin – insect die. Dead insects have spores in and out side of their body and spread in environment . 3.Fungi

31. Fungus Dosage/Application Crop Insect Beauveria bassiana (White muscardine fungus ) Soil- 2-.2.5 kg/ha. with 25-50 kg FYM/acre Foliar- 5-7 g/lit water along with jaggary Drenching- 2 kg in 400 lit of water/acre along with jaggary Chick pea, Pigeon pea, Cotton, Tomato, Rice, Cabbage Fruit borer, Tobacco cater pillar, Semilooper , Termite, BPH, Grass hopper, Leaf folder, DBM, Aphid Metarrhizium anisopliae (Green muscardine fungus) Soil- 2-.2.5 kg/ha. with 25-50 kg FYM/acre Foliar- 5-7 g/lit water along with jaggary Drenching- 2 kg in 400 lit of water/acre along with jaggary . Sugarcane, Cotton, Pigeon pea. Tomato Pyrilla , Fruit borer, Grasshopper, Pod borer, Rice bug Application

32. Protozoa pathogen Protozoa kill the insects either directly or by reducing the fecundity of the adult and their effect on host is chronic. They prolong the larval life in the field, thus exposing the insect longer to predators and parasitoids. Infected insect may be sluggish and smaller than normal eg . Nosema melolonthae against chaffer beetles. Nosema locustae against grass hoppers Farinosystis triboli against red flour beetle

33. Entomopathogenic Nematodes EPNs are soil inhabiting, lethal insect parasitoids, live inside the body of the host, and so they are designeted endoparasitic . The most commonly studied genera are those that are useful in the biological control of insect pests the Steinernema and Heterorhabditis

34. Merits and Demerits of Bio-control agents Merits The biological control agents are environmentally friendly and cause no side effects. Less cost compared to other Agrochemicals – pesticides and insecticides. Easily available, easy to use and is effective throughout the season. Helps in reducing the use of chemicals and other pesticides. Demerits It affects the product quality. Pest is not completely destroyed by these biological control agents. It is effective only for large scale. (Sources: https://byjus.com/biology/bio-control-agents/)

35. Conclusion: The government/federation/commodities/boards should make all efforts to create awareness regarding the conservation and utillisation of biocontrol agents. The full utilization of existing bio-control laboratories of central/state government should be ensured by providing staff and funds so that efficiency, productivity and quality may be improved to the required level. The best advice for pest managers in respect to starting biocontrol program is to get as much information as possible to assure a reasonable success. The policy of the Central government, State governments, Non-Government Organizations ( NGOs) and Krishi Vigyan Kendra ( KVKs) should be to train officials and farmers with a view to create critical human resource in biological control. L ow cost technology for mass production of bio-agents/ biopesticides should be developed . Encouraging the setting up of biocontrol production units at village level which could be managed unemployed, on a youth a seasoned basis.