Bio ecology and management of pulse beetle

Pulse beetle:
taxonomic classification
Life cycle
nature of damage
biology
Ecology
Management

Presentation By
MD. SARWAR JAHAN SHAUN
MS in entomology
Dept. of Agriculture
Bangladesh Agricultural University, mymensingh
Bangladesh

1. SUBMITTEDTO:
Dr. Mohammed AbulMonjurKhan
Professor
Dept. of Entomology
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh
SUBMITTEDBY:
Md.Sarwar Jahan Shaun
IDNo.: 19 ENTOM. JJ-17M
RegNo.: 42950
Session:2014-2015
Bio-Ecology and Management of
Pulse Beetle

2. INTRODUCTION
PulseiscalledPoormans’meat.Sourceofproteinandenergy.Globalpulse
production60MT.Pulsesaregrownin171countries.About65-70%oftotalfood
grainsisstoredbyfarmersintraditionalbulkandbagstoreswhilerest30-35%is
procuredandstoredbyvariousfoodgrainorganizations.CallosobruchuschinensisL.
isthemajorpestinfestingalltypesofpulsesbothinthefieldandinstorage.Among
allthestoregraininsectpeststhepulsebeetledamageisabout24%.

3. Taxonomical Position
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Bruchidae
Genus:Callosobruchus
Species: Callosobruchus chinensis
Common names include the pulse beetle, Chinese bruchid and
cowpea bruchid, adzuki bean weevil.
Phillips McDougall

4. Life cycle

5. Morphology
Fresh eggs are translucent white in color.
Larva fleshy,curved,6-7mm.long and creamy white in color with black mouth.
Pupation takes place in a pupal cell prepared beneath the seedcoat.
Adults are 3-4mm.long with oval shaped body.
Brownish grey in colour with dark spots.
Body is pointed towards front.

6. Bio-Ecology of Pulse Beetle
C.chinensis,likeC.maculatusarestronglyinfluencedbytemperatureandhumidity,
hostsubstrateandpopulationsource.Underoptimalconditionscomplete
developmenttakesplaceinaslittleas22-25days.Theoptimumtemperaturefor
ovipositionishighinC.maculatus,about30-35°CandlowinC.chinensis,23°C.
Smooth-seededvarietiesbeingmoresuitableforovipositionthanrough-seeded
varieties.
Fig: Effect of tempareture and humidity to No. of eggs laid per female

7. Bio-Ecology of Pulse Beetle
TheoptimumdevelopmentconditionsforC.maculatusandC.chinensisarearound32°Cand90%
RH;theminimumdevelopmentperiodforC.maculatusisabout21days,and22-23days
forC.chinensis.AdultCallosobruchusbeetlesdonotfeedonstoredproduce,andarevery
short-lived,usuallynomorethan12daysunderoptimumconditions.
Fig: Effect of tempareture and humidity to adult longevity (days)

8. DAMAGE
Damage is at peak from March to September.
Infested grain is often covered by the traders into flour.
The adult and grub feed on the pulses by making a small hole. The adult
escapes by cutting a circular hole in the seed coat and such grains can be
spotted easily.
Infested stored seed can be recognized by the white eggs on the seed
surface.
When the infested grain happens to be in a poorly aerated receptacle,a
foul smelling fungus also develops.

9. Management of Pulse Beetle
A. Preventive measures B. Curative measures
A) Preventive measures
1) Sanitation and handling of grains
2) Proper stacking of grains
3) Disinfestation of storage containers, structures and stores
4) Legal method
Fig: Proper stacking of grains

10. Management of Pulse Beetle
B) Curative measures
Physical Method
Mechanical Method
Biological Method
Botanicals
Nano-technology
Chemical Method
Semio-chemicals
IPM strategy
Phillips McDougall

11. Management of Pulse Beetle
Physical Method
Drying and disinfestation
Thermal treatments
-Dry Heat
-Radiations
-Gamma rays
Cultural Control
Periodical exposure of the grain to sun helps to check infestations.
Dry the pods to optimum kernel moisture level of about 7 %.
Store the pods in polythene-lined gunny bags and fill the top surface of the bag
with a layer of 3 cm ht. sand.
Mouth of bags should not be stitched or closed to avoid germination loss.
Care should be taken to avoid breakage
Broken seeds should not be stored for long periods.

12. Management of Pulse Beetle
Biological Method
Biopesticides
entomopathogenicmicroorganisms B. thuringiensis, Beaveriabassiana,
Metarrhiziumanisopliaeagainst pulse beetle.
However, some of the predators and parasites have been recorded affecting
different stored grain pests.
Bttoxins produced by Bacillus thuringensis, mostly affect the grub and pupal
development period of C. maculatus.
B. bassianawas used as a grain protectant of stored cowpea it significantly
reduced the population of C. maculatusadults.
The fungal pathogen Metarrhiziumanisopliaewas also effective against C.
maculatus.

13. Management of Pulse Beetle
Chemical control
Mostofthephysicalmethodssuggestedearliermaynotgivetotalinsect
control.Applicationofchemicals,therefore,sometimesbecomes
essentialforcompleteinsectmortalityandpreventionofinsectgrowth.
Theeffectofthechemicalsmalathion,deltamethrinandcypermethrin
arefoundmosteffective,resultingin100%mortalityofadultC.
chinensisafter7daysofexposure.
Newinsecticideslufenuronandemamectinbenzoatewhenapplied@10-
20g/muwerefoundtoeffectivelycontrolC.chinensisinchickpeain
storage.
Dipthegunnybagsin10%malathionsolution.
Fumigationwithaluminumphosphideprotectstheseedwithoutaffecting
theviability.

14. Management of Pulse Beetle
Mechanical Control
1) TNAU two-in-one model trap.
2) Device to remove insect eggs from stored pulse seeds
And also a process to Dip the old gunny bags in boiled water for 15 minutes.
Fig: TNAU two-in-one model trap Fig: Device to remove insect eggs from
stored pulse seeds

15. Management of Pulse Beetle
Botanicals
Variousplantextractshasbeenfoundtoxicagainstthepulsebeetle.The
plantproductsofthefollowingplantshasprovidedgoodcontrolover
storagepests:Neem,Blackpepper,Tulsi,Turmeric,Marigold,Coconutoil,
Castoroil,Eucalyptus,Groundnutoil,Mustardoil,Sesameoiletc.
Fig: Some botanicals

16. CONCLUSION
Differentdisinfestationmethodshavebeeninpracticeforcenturiesandsome
ofthesearestillrelevanttoday.Intheearly1990s,withtheuseofchemical
pesticides,theagriculturalscenariohaschangedalot.Atpresent,foodquality
andmanagementefficiencyarethemostimportantguidelinesforplanning
andanydecisionmakingprocess.Useofbotanicalshavegivenacheapand
efficientwayforthepestcontrol.Themodernstoragestructuresshouldbe
preferredastheyprovidebetter,largeandefficientstoragefacilities.Theuse
ofnewpracticeslikeirradiations,nanotechnology,micro-wavetechnology
shouldbeencouragedratherthanfollowingtraditionalones.Useofresistance
varietiesisalsoagoodtool,asitwillsavetime,labourandmoneyspenton
variousmanagementmethods.Itwillgivebetterresultsifallthemethodsare
combinedandappliedagainstpulsebeetle.