Bio fuels

A new idea of using bio fuels

1. Shree Vaishnav Academy

2. TOPIC BIO FUELS

3. FUELS Fuels  are any materials that store  potential energy  in forms that can be practicably released and used as  heat energy . Fuels are required for a variety of purposes, but are utilized chiefly for..

4. Transportation Globally, transportation accounts for 25% of energy demand and nearly 62% of oil consumed.

5. Power Generation The generation of electricity is the single largest use of fuel in the world. More than 60 % of power generated comes from fossil fuels.

6. Fossil Fuels will soon be Exhausted

7. If we had replenish fuel sources, what direction should we go in? Electric cars Solar power Wind power OR

8. Bio fuel An Alternative Fuel

9. Introduction Biofuel is the fuel which is produced from organic products and wastes. The common commercially used biofuels are bioethanol, biodiesel and bio methane. Bioethanol is made from sugar, algae, wheat and sugar beet Bio-ethanol can be produced from waste organic material, sewage, agriculture waste and domestic wastes and our innovation from Bamboo.

10. In 1890s Rudolf Diesel was a first person who made biodiesel from vegetable oil. In 1970s and 1980s environmental protection agency EPA situated in America suggested that fuel should be free from sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. In 1998 EPA allowed the production of biofuel on commercial level which was the alternative source of the petrol. In 2010 the production of biofuels reaches up to 105 billion liters worldwide . In 2011, European countries were the largest that made biodiesel almost about 53%. The international Energy Agency set a goal to reduce the usage of petroleum and coal and will be switched on to biofuels till 2050. History

11. Bio fuel feed stock Corn Sugar Cane Jatropha Algae Animal Fats Agricultural Waste

12. Bio fuel feed stock Bamboo

13. Classification of Biofuels 1 st Generation Biofuels Also called conventional biofuels. It includes sugar, starch, or vegetable oil known as advanced biofuels and can be manufactured from different types of biomass. The biomass contains lignocellulosic material like wood, straw and waste plastic 2 nd Generation Biofuels

14. Classification of Biofuels Extract cellulose from Bamboo and by the process of reverse photosynthesis fuel is obtained. Extract from algae mostly marine algae. 3 rd Generation Biofuels 4 th Generation Biofuels

15. Reverse Photosynthesis A given amount of biomass – straw or wood, for instance – is combined with an enzyme called lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase, found in certain fungi and bacteria . When chlorophyll is added and the entire mixture is exposed to sunlight, sugar molecules in the biomass naturally break down into smaller constituents. The resulting biochemical can then be more easily converted into fuel . The key is using the very energy of sunlight itself to drive the chemical processes. By leveraging the power of the sun, reactions that would otherwise take 24 hours or longer can be achieved in just 10 minutes.

16. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase enzyme Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper ion-containing enzymes that degrade crystalline polysaccharides, such as cellulose or chitin, through an oxidative mechanism. To the best of our knowledge, there are no assay methods for the direct characterization of LPMOs that degrade substrates without coupled enzymes. As such, in this study, a coupled enzyme-free assay method for LPMOs was developed, which is based on measuring the consumption of ascorbic acid used as an external electron donor for LPMOs.

17. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-enzymes that catalyze oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds. These enzymes are secreted by many microorganisms to initiate infection and degradation processes. In particular, the concept of fungal degradation of lignocellulose has been revised in the light of this recent finding. LPMOs require a source of electrons for activity, and both enzymatic and plant-derived sources have been identified. Importantly, light-induced electron delivery from light-harvesting pigments can efficiently drive LPMO activity. The possible implications of LPMOs in plant–symbiont and –pathogen interactions are discussed in the context of the very powerful oxidative capacity of these enzymes.

18. Copper-dependent oxidative enzymes named lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are important for the degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides such as cellulose. LPMOs are produced by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Many microbes that interact with plants have evolved several copies of LPMO-encoding genes. LPMOs require a source of electrons for catalysis, and electrons can –upon exposure to light– be efficiently delivered by light-harvesting pigments.

19. Chlorophyll extraction The purpose of this study is to establish a simple and reliable method for bamboo chlorophyll extraction. Chlorophylls in moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys pubescens ) epidermis were extracted with acetone, DMF (N,N- dimethylformamide ) and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) using three methods, including ultrasonics , centrifugation and grinding. Ultraviolet-visible spectrometry was then used to evaluate the efficiency of these extraction methods. It was also used to quantitatively analyze the extracted chlorophylls. The results revealed that the extraction efficiency of epidermis chlorophylls is related to the size of bamboo culm meal, solvent types, and the method of extraction and filtration. A fast and reliable extraction method was developed.

20. It extracts chlorophylls from bamboo culm meal (<0.7 mm) using an acetone bath in ultrasonics for 3 min and followed by centrifugal filtration. This extraction procedure has been proven to be easy to use and also highly reproducible. Chlorophylls in acetone showed the best stability, followed by DMF and then DMSO. In a dark environment kept at 4°C, chlorophylls can be preserved for up to 8 days in DMF and 30 days in acetone. On the other hand, acetone extracts higher content of chlorophylls. In 80% acetone, DMF and DMSO extracts, the total chlorophylls contents are 4.80, 4.18, and 3.78 mg per gram of epidermis meal, respectively.

21. Bioethanol Bioethanol is produced by the fermentation of carbohydrate rich source which includes sugar cane, sugar beet, corn etc. It is colorless and clear liquid One of the widely used alternative automotive fuel in the world.

22. Mechanism The two ways of producing ethanol from  cellulose  are : Cellulolysis  processes which consist of  hydrolysis  on pretreated lignocellulosic materials, using  enzymes  to break complex cellulose into simple  sugars  such as  glucose , followed by  fermentation  and  distillation . Gasification  that transforms the  lignocellulosic  raw material into gaseous  carbon monoxide  and hydrogen. These gases can be converted to ethanol by fermentation or chemical  catalysis . As is normal for pure ethanol production, these methods include  distillation .

23. Lower emissions Green gas hence less polluting. Renewable and will Last Long for use. Biodegradable again less polluting. Safer than fossil fuels.

24. Vision The policy aims at mainstreaming of bio fuels and therefore, envision a central role for it in the energy and transportation sectors of the country in the coming decades. The policy will bring about accelerated development and promotion of the cultivation, production and use of bio fuel to increasingly substitute petrol and diesel for the transport and be used in stationary and other applications, while contributing to energy security, climate change mitigation, apart from creating new employment opportunities and leading to environmentally sustainable development.

25. Goals The goal of the policy is to ensure that a minimum level of bio fuels become readily available in the market to meet the demand at any given time. An indicative target of 20% blending of bio fuels, both for petrol and diesel, by 2017 is proposed. Blending levels prescribed in regard to diesel are tend to be recommendatory in the near-term. The blending level of bio ethanol has already been made mandatory, effective from October, 2008, and will continue to be mandatory leading up to the indicative target.

26. Definition and Scope ‘bio fuel’ are liquid or gaseous in fuels produced from biomass resources and used in place of, or in addition to petrol or other fossil fuels for transport, stationary, portable and other applications. ‘Biomass’ resources are the biodegradable fraction of industries as well as the residue from agriculture, forestry and related industries as well as the bio degradable fraction of the industrial and municipal wastes. bio ethanol’ : ethanol produced from Bamboo is cheaper in compare to other processes such as from sugar containing materials, like sugar cane, sugar beet, sweet sorghum,etc .

27. Strategy and Approach The focus for development of biofuels in India will be to utilize waste and degraded forest and non-forest lands only for cultivation . In India, bio-ethanol is produced mainly from maize , molasses a by-product of the sugar industry. Now the issue of fuel is not relevant in the India only because of production of bioethanol.

28. Research & Development and Demonstration Research and Development will focus on plantations, biofuel processing and production technologies , as well as on maximizing efficiencies of different end-use applications and utilization of by-products. Biofuel feed-stock production based on sustainable biomass with active involvement of local communities through non-edible oilseed bearing plantations on wastelands to include inter-alia production and development of quality planting materials like bamboos and giving all the wasted non edible material for R&D work . Advanced conversion technologies for 4 th generation biofuels and emerging technologies for second generation biofuels including conversion of ligno -cellulosic materials to ethanol such as crop residues, forest wastes and algae, biomass-to-liquid (BTL) fuels, bio-refineries, etc.

29. QUALITY STANDARDS The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) would review and update the existing standards, as well as develop new standards in a time-bound manner for devices and systems for various end-use applications for which standards have not yet been prepared, at par with international standards. Guidelines for product performance and reliability would also be developed and institutionalized in consultation with all relevant stakeholders. Standards would be strictly enforced and proper checks would be carried out by a designated agency on the quality of the biofuel being supplied.

30. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION International scientific and technical cooperation in the area of biofuel production , conversion and utilization will be established in accordance with national priorities and socio-economic development strategies and goals. Modalities of such cooperation may include joint research and technology development , field studies, pilot scale plants and demonstration projects with active involvement of research institutions and industry on either side . Technology induction/ transfer would be facilitated, where necessary, with time bound goals for indigenization and local manufacturing. Appropriate bilateral and multi-lateral cooperation programmes for sharing of technologies and funding would be developed, and participation in international partnerships, where necessary, will also be explored.

31. IMPORT AND EXPORT OF BIOFUELS Import of biofuels would only be permitted to the extent necessary, and will be decided by the National Biofuel Coordination Committee proposed under this Policy. Duties and taxes would be levied on the imports so as to ensure that indigenously produced biofuels are not costlier than the imported biofuels . Import of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) oils will not be permitted for production of biofuels. Export of biofuels would only be permitted after meeting the domestic requirements and would be decided by the National Biofuel Coordination Committee .

32. Presented by:- Vivek Jain

33. Any Queries ?????