Bio pesticides , History Types, Mode of action and Applications

Types of bio pesticides and their mode of action History Microbial Botanical biotic biochemical pip advantage and disadvantages and their applications

1. 1
SubmittedBy:LaibaArif(5027)Submittedto:MissShaziaCourse:Bioinsecticideandtheirformulation’sTopic:Typesofbiopesticidesandtheirmodeofaction
_________________________________________________________________
Introduction:Biomeans“involvinglifeorlivingorganisms”PesticideincludessubstanceormixtureofsubstancesintendedForpreventing,destroyingorcontrollinganypestBiopesticiderefersintroductionofanylivingorganismsuchasMicroorganismincludingbacteria,fungi,Nematodes,viruses,protozoaandparasitoids,Predatorsandplantsthatcontrolspestsbybiologicalnon-toxicmeans.Allthelivingorganisms,whicharecultivatedintheLaboratoryonlargescale&usedandexploitedexperimentallyForthecontrolofharmfulorganismsarecalledbiopesticides.
Biopesticidesvs/syntheticPesticidesFactorsSyntheticpesticidesBio-pesticidesCosteffectivenessCheapbutincreasedCostlierbutreducedShelflifeMorelessNatureofcontrolcurativepreventiveEffectonbeneficialfloraMoreharmfulLessharmfulTargetspecificityMostlybroadspectrumMostlyhostspecificHistoryofBio-pesticides:1
st
biopesticidediscoveredin1835Asearlyasthe17thcentury,plantextractswerelikelytheearliestagriculturalbiopesticides.Inthe19thcentury,experimentswithmineraloilsasplant

2. 2
protectantswerealsoreported.Theearly20thcentury,agrowingnumberofstudiesandproposalforbiopesticidesweredeveloped.20thcentury,thenumberofstudiesandproposalforbio-controlsweredeveloped.Amongthem,thefirstandmostacceptedbio-controlsweresporesofthebacteriaBacillusthuringiensis(Bt).
TypesofBiopesticides1.MicrobialInsecticidesMicrobialpesticidesarecomposedofmicroscopiclivingorganismi.eviruses,bacteria,fungietc.Thispesticidesarenontoxicandnonpathogenictoanimalsandhumans.Microbialpesticidesincludesinsecticide,fungicide,herbicideandgrowthregulatorsofmicrobialorigin.

3. 3
Example:Bacillusthuringiensis(Bt),whichproducestoxinsthatkillcertaininsectlarvae. 2.BotanicalInsecticidesThesearenaturallyoccurringplantmaterialsusedtocontrolthepest.Example-1.Neemoil2.Pongamiaextract3.Garlicextract4.Capsiumextract
3.BiochemicalInsecticidesBiochemicalpesticidesarethenaturallyoccurringsubstancesusedtocontrolpestsbynon-toxicmechanism.Itincludessubstancesasinsectsexpheromonesthatinterferewithmatingandthusattractinsectpestintothetrap.Example:“Insectsexpheromones”usedintrapstodisruptmating.
4.Bioticagentsa)Predators:Beneficialinsectslikeladybugsorparasiticwaspsthatfeedonharmfulinsectspecies.b)Parasitoids:Parasitoidsareinsectsthatdevelopasparasitesinsidethebodiesofotherinsects,ultimately

4. 4
killingthem.Beneficialinsectslikeladybugsorparasiticwaspsthatfeedonharmfulinsectspecies.
4.PlantincorporatedprotectantsPIPsarepesticidesubstancesthatareproducedfromthegeneticmaterialthathasbeenaddedtotheplant.Ifthepestfedinsuchplanttheywilleventuallydie.PIPsprovideinherentprotectiontotheplant,reducingtheneedforadditionalpesticidetreatmentsandsupportingsustainableagriculturalmethods.Example:BtcottonplantresistagainstHelicoverpaarmiger.Gene-silencingtechnologiesthattargetspecificinsectgenes,preventingreproductionorsurvival.
ModeofactionofBiopesticides
Themodeofactionofbioinsecticidesreferstohowtheseagentskillorinhibitinsectpests.Differentbioinsecticidesworkinvariouswaysdependingontheirtype.Herearesomekeymodesofaction:
1.BiochemicalInterference:
ProteinInhibition:Manybiopesticidesdisrupt essentialproteins inpests.For example: Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) producescrystalproteins(Crytoxins)thatbindtospecificreceptorsinthegutofinsectlarvae.Thisbindingleadstoporeformation,

5. 5
causing gutparalysis and eventualdeath.2.HormonalDisruption:JuvenileHormoneAnalogues:Somebiopesticidesmimicjuvenilehormones,affecting insectdevelopment. Forexample:Methoprene, asyntheticanalogue,disruptsmetamorphosisbypreventingpupation.
3. MicrobialPathogens:EntomopathogenicNematodes:Thesenematodes(e.g., Steinernemaspp.)infectinsectsbyenteringtheirbodies.Onceinside,theyrelease symbioticbacteria (e.g., Xenorhabdusspp.),whichproducetoxinsandkillthehost.4.InducedResistance:Biopesticidescantriggertheplant'sdefensemechanisms. Salicylicacid-basedproductsinduce systemicacquiredresistance (SAR),makingplantslesssusceptibletopests.5.BehavioralDisruption:Pheromones:Biopesticidesutilize insectsexpheromones toconfuse matingbehavior.Bydisruptingcommunication,matingsuccessdecreases.6. PredationEnhancement:Biopesticidesindirectlyenhancebiologicalcontrolbypromotingnaturalenemies. Bacillus subtilis secretes antimicrobial compounds,benefiting beneficialinsects.

6. 6
AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofbiopesticides
ApplicationsofBiopesticidesBiopesticidesaretypicallymicrobialbiologicalpestcontrolagentsthatareappliedinamannersimilartochemicalpesticides.Inordertoimplementtheseenvironmentallyfriendlypestcontrolagentseffectively,itcanbeimportanttopayattentiontothewaytheyareformulatedandapplied.__________________________________________________________________
Reference:-Textbookofmicrobiology–R.P.singh-Biotechnology–U.Satyanarayana-Biotechnology–B.D.Singh-Textbookofmicrobiology–DubeyandMaheshwari

7. 7