Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology cell

Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology cell

1. Introduction to Biochemistry
Presented By: MS. Chaudar A.P
M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutical chemistry)
pesModern College of Pharmacy (for ladies), moshi,pune

2. Learning Outcomes
Definition of Biochemistry
Importance
Scope of Biochemistry
Cell and structure of cell
Prokaryotic cell & Eukaryotic cell
Metabolism, Catabolism,
Anabolism, Overall anabolism

3. Introduction to Biochemistry
•ThetermwasintroducedbyGermanChemistCarl
Newbergin1903.
•Itemergedasadistinctdisciplinearoundthebeginning
ofthe20thcenturywhenscientistscombined
chemistry,physiologyandbiologytoinvestigatethe
chemistryoflivingsystemsbystudying:
•A.Thestructureandbehaviorofthecomplex
moleculesfoundinbiologicalmaterialand
•B.Thewaysthesemoleculesinteracttoformcells,
tissuesandwholeorganism

4. Introduction to Biochemistry
•Biochemistryhasbecomethelanguageofmedicineas
itbuildsthebasisofdrugaction,drugsynthesisand
preventionofdiseases.
•Itincludesthestudyofchemicalnatureofallliving
matterfromthesmallestvirusandmicroorganismto
themostcomplexandhighlyevolvedhumanbeing.
•Knowledgeofbiochemistryisusedtocontroldiseases,
abnormalmetabolismandthetreatmentofdeficiencies.

5. Definition of Biochemistry
Define the term biochemistry.
Thestudydealingwiththechemistryofliving
organisminitsdifferentphasesofactivityis
calledasbiochemistry.
The science that is concerned with the structures,
interactions, Transformations of biological
molecules.
Biochemistrydealswiththestructures,functions,
interactionsofbiologicalmacromolecules.

7. State importance/ Significance of biochemistry
•Itdealswithstudyoflivingsystemandits
working.
•Studyofnatureandworkingofbiomolecules.
•Diagnosisofvariousmetabolicdisorder.
•Studyofvariousdeficiencydiseases.
•Helpsinsynthesizingnewmolecules.

8. Scope of Biochemistry

9. 1)Studyofcellstructureanditscomponents.
2)Chemistryofinorganicelementsandtheirdeficiencysymptoms.
3)ChemistryofCarbohydrates,ProteinandaminoacidsandLipids.
4)MetabolismandtheirmetabolicdisordersofCarbohydrates,
Lipids,ProteinandAminoacids
5)StudyofEnzymes.
6)ChemistryofNucleicacidsRecombinantDNAtechnology,
Nucleoproteinsandmetabolismofnucleicacid.
7)Studyofvitaminsandtheirdeficiencysymptoms
8)Immunochemistry
9)Detoxificationmechanism.
10)Hormonesandtheirbiochemicalroleinthebody.
11)watermetabolismtheirsourceregulationetc
Scope of Biochemistry

10. What is cell?
CELLASABASICUNIT
Thecellisthebasic,structuralandfunctionalunitoflifeor
livingorganism,
ItwasdiscoveredbyRobertHookeandisthefunctionalunit
ofallknownlivingorganisms.
Itisthesmallestunitoflifethatisclassifiedasalivingthing,
andisoftencalledthebuildingblockoflife.Someorganisms,
suchasmostbacteria,areunicellular(consistofasinglecell).
Otherorganisms,suchashumans,aremulticellular.Humans
haveabout100trillioncells;

11. Types of Cell
Thecellsofthelivingkingdommaybedividedinto
Twocategories:
1.Prokaryotes(Greek:prbefore;Carvernucleus);
Lackawelldefinednucleusandpossessrelatively
simplestructure.Theseincludevariousbacteria.
2.Eukaryotes(Greek:eutrue;karvonnucleus):
possessawelldefinednucleusandaremorecomplex
intheirstructureandfunction.Thehigherorganisms
(animalsandplants)arecomposedofeukaryoticcells.

13. Parts/Organelles/Intracellular organs of cell
BiologicallydifferentiatedstructuresandlivingmaterialsofCytoplasm.
Essentialfordifferentbio-syntheticactivitiesofthecell.Include:
(1)Cellmembrane
(2)Endoplasmicreticulum-Roughandsmooth
(3)Mitochondria
(4)Golgiapparatus
(5)Centrosomewithcentrioles
(6)Ribosomes(freeandattached)
(7)Lysosomes
(8)Peroxisomes
(9)Filaments
(10)Microtubules
(11)Vesicles

14. Non Organelles
(1)Protein
(2)Fat
(3)Carbohydrate(Glycogen)
(4)Water
(5)Inorganicmaterials
(6)PigmentslikeMelanin,lipofuscin
(7)CellularProducts:Yolk&Secretorygranules

15. Nucleus
•Nucleusiscalledasveryimportantcellorganelleofthecell.Thereis
porous,doublemembranearoundit.Itiscontrolallthefunctionofthe
cellhencethenucleusiscalledasthebrainofthecell.
•Itisresponsibleforstoringthecell'shereditarymaterialortheDNA.Itis
responsibleforcoordinatingmanyoftheimportantcellularactivitiessuch
asproteinsynthesis,celldivision,growthandahostofotherimportant
functions.

16. Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Theendoplasmicreticulumcaneitherbesmoothorrough,andin
generalitsfunctionistoproduceproteinsfortherestofthecellto
function.
Theroughendoplasmicreticulumhasonitribosomes,whicharesmall,
roundorganelleswhosefunctionitistomakethoseproteins.

17. Lysosomes
Alysosomeisamembrane-boundcellorganellethatcontains
digestiveenzymes.Lysosomesareinvolvedwithvariouscell
processes.Theybreakdownexcessorworn-outcellparts.Theymay
beusedtodestroyinvadingvirusesandbacteria.
Lysosomesarealsomainlycalled"suicidalbags."

18. Ribosomes
AribosomeisanintercellularstructuremadeofbothRNAand
protein,anditisthesiteofproteinsynthesisinthecell.The
ribosomereadsthemessengerRNA(mRNA)sequenceand
translatesthatgeneticcodeintoaspecifiedstringofamino
acids,whichgrowintolongchainsthatfoldtoformproteins.

19. Golgi Apparatus
AGolgibody,alsoknownasaGolgiapparatus,isacellorganellethat
helpsprocessandpackageproteinsandlipidmolecules,especially
proteinsdestinedtobeexportedfromthecell.TheGolgiapparatus,
orGolgicomplex,functionsasafactoryinwhichproteinsreceived
fromtheERarefurtherprocessedandsortedfortransporttotheir
eventualdestinations

20. Mitochondria
Mitochondriaaremembrane-boundcellorganelles(mitochondrion,singular)
thatgeneratemostofthechemicalenergyneededtopowerthecell's
biochemicalreactions.Chemicalenergyproducedbythemitochondriais
storedinasmallmoleculecalledadenosinetriphosphate(ATP).

21. Define & Explain metabolism
•Allbiochemicalchangesthatoccurinbiological
systemaregroupedtogetherasmetabolism.
•Metabolismisdividedintotwocategories:
•Catabolism:It’sadegradativeprocessconcerned
withthebreakdownofcomplexmoleculesto
simpleronesalongwithreleaseofenergy.
•Anabolism:Includesthebiosyntheticreactionsof
formationofcomplexmoleculesfromsimple
onesandrequiringenergy.

22. Frequently asked Questions
1.Define term Biochemistry. Give scope of biochemistry.
2.Define cell. Draw neat labeled diagram of a typical
animal cell & give two functions of mitochondrion.
3.Give the functions of
i) Mitochondria
ii) Endoplasmic reticulum
iii) Nucleus
iv) Golgi Apparatus/ complex
v) Ribosome and Liposomes

23. Thank you