Biodegradable polymer, copolymer & composites

Biodegradable polymers degrade more quickly compared to non-biodegradable polymers.

1. Polymer & the Environment (KEJ4604) Semester II 2015/2016 Date of Presentation: 19 May 2016 Group 10 Members: Ooi Phik Fong UK30717 Chong Shin Yong UK30732 Chua Kim Choon UK30777

2. Today’s Topic Biodegradable polymer Hydro-biodegradable polymer Biodegradable copolymer Graft copolymer Block copolymer Biodegradable composite PLA PHAs Thermoplastic starch

3. What Is Biodegradable Polymer? Biodegradable polymer degrades quickly when compared to non-biodegradable polymer. Their by-products are eco-friendly ( , Water, Methane).  

4. Life Cycle of Biodegradable Polymer

5. Types of Biodegradable Polymer

6. Hydro-Biodegradable Polymers Hydro-biodegradable polymers undergo hydro-biodegradation. Hydro-biodegradation is initiated by hydrolysis.

7. Hydro-biodegradation

8. Hydro-biodegradable Plastics It is not applicable. reasons: It is made from fossil fuel derived polymers and starch. It cannot be made from recyclate It emits rapidly while degrading Can be incinerated, but gives lower calorific value Four/five times more expensive than conventional plastics Therefore, we suggest oxo -biodegradable plastics !  

9. Oxo-biodegradable Plastics It will degrade in the presence of oxygen , and the process is accelerated by UV and HEAT . It can be recycled during its useful life with normal plastics.

10. Why Choose Oxo-biodegradable plastics ? Oxo-biodegradable plastics Hydro-biodegradable plastics Usually made from a by-product of oil-refining Made from fossil fuel-derived polymers and starch Can be made from recycled plastic Cannot be made from recyclate Emits CO2 slowly while degrading and forms biomass Emits CO2 rapidly while degrading Can be incinerated with high energy-recovery Can be incinerated, but lower calorific value Little or no on-cost Four or five times more expensive than conventional plastics

11. Polymer VS Copolymer

12. Types of Biodegradable Copolymer

13. Graft Copolymers A special type of branched copolymer in which the side chains are structurally distinct from the main chain.

14. Graft Copolymers 3 common methods to synthesis graft copolymer: Grafting-Onto Method Grafting-From Method Grafting-Through Method

15. Grafting-onto Method Coupling reaction between functional backbone and the end groups of the branch.

16. Grafting-from Method Backbone is chemically modified to introduce active sites . These active sites form branch by copolymerization

17. Grafting-through Method It is also known as macro-monomer method. A lower molecular weight monomer is copolymerized with a macro-monomer in the presence of an initiator or catalyst .

18. Applications of Graft Copolymer Membranes for the separation of gases or liquids. Hydrogels High Impact polystyrene (HIPS) Thermoplastic elastomer HIPS

19. High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) A low cost, plastic material that is easy to fabricate . Often used for low strength structural applications. It is produced by dissolving elastomeric polymer in styrene and polymerized it. Advantages: Good impact resistance Excellent machinability Good dimensional stability Low cost Polystyrene backbone Elastomer

20. Block Copolymer A long sequence of one monomer/block is joined to a block of the second monomer.

21. Block Copolymer Mechanism Block 1 Block 2

22. Applications of Block Copolymer Example: Kraton Kraton is a high performance elastomer . Uses: It is used as synthetic replacement for rubber. It can blends with various other ingredients to improve the product’s performance. Kraton blends with asphalt to make it more flexible - coating for F1 racing track.

23. Biodegradable Composite A composite material form by a matrix (resin ) from and a reinforcement of natural fiber . Characteristics: Biodegradable Renewable & recyclable sources Lower manufacturing costs

24. Types of Bio-composite

25. Poly- lactide (PLA) Referred as ‘bio-plastic ‘ because of it environmentally friendly nature ‘processed’ from the starch of plants such as corn, sugar cane and sugar beet Take only FIVE years to decompose It decay as it expose to UV rays of sunlight and O 2 and forming C0 2 and H 2 O.

26. Examples of poly- lactide products

27. Polyhydroxyalkanoates , PHAs Linear polyesters produced in nature by bacterial fermentation of sugar or lipids. Produced by the bacteria to store carbon and energy. More than 150 different monomers can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties.

28. Thermoplastic starch Starch based- plastic Formation of it requires disruption of starch granules and their supra-molecular structures, dissociation of complexes with lipids and melting of crystals with the assistance of added water. Suitable material for the production of drug capsules by the pharmaceutical sector

29. Advantages Composite Material PLA PHAs Thermoplastic Starch Low cost Abundant resources Low density High specific properties Lack of residue upon incineration Renewable resources Increase tensile strength Increase tensile strength Less humidity absorbance Light weight

30. References https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copolymer Antoniou, D. (2010). Hydro-degradable polymers. Retrieved from http:// www.e-telescope.gr Green Club Inc. ( n.d. ). Comparison of Oxo- Biodegradable and Hydro-Biodegradable Plastics. Retrieved from http :// www.greenclubinc.com Sahari , J., & Sapuan , S.M. (2011). Natural Fibre Reinforced Biodegradable Polymer Composites. Journal of Advanced Material Science, 30, 166- 174. Retrieved from http:// www.ipme.ru http:// chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Organic_Chemistry/Polymers/Copolymers

31. References https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxo_Biodegradable https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graft_polymer https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocomposite Lu, D. R., Xiao, C. M., & Xu , S. J. (2009). Starch-based completely biodegradable polymer materials . Journal of eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 3 (6 ), 366-375 Nzioki , Bernice, “BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER BLENDS AND COMPOSITES FROM PROTEINS PRODUCED BY ANIMALS CO-PRODUCT INDUSTRY ”( 2010). All These . Paper 817 Oxo-biodegradable Plastic Association. Types of Degradable Plastic. Retrieved from www.biodeg.org

32. ~Thank You~