Biodegradable wastage PHD.pptx

1.Introduction
2.Definition
3.Classification
a) based on source or origin
b) based on nature of waste
#Non hazardous or solid waste
#Hazardous waste
4. Health hazards of accumulated solid waste

1. Biodegradable wastage Dhananjay singh

2. Content 1.Introduction 2.Definition 3.Classification a) based on source or origin b) based on nature of waste # Non hazardous or solid waste # Hazardous waste 4. Health hazards of accumulated solid waste

3. 5.Non- hazardous or solid waste management # The waste management hierarchy # segregation # storage # waste collection and transport #Disposal # controlled tippng (sanitary landfill) # composting

4. #incineration #Manure pits #Burial 6.Health care waste 7.Hazardous waste management 8. Biomedical waste management in India 9.Conclusion 10.Reference

5. Introduction Waste management is the collection transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods of each. ¹

6. Biodegradable wastes (BW) are generated from many diverse sources and their composition is rarely homogeneous. The efficacy of the processes that allow their safe disposal or recycling as ‘added-value’ products and as energy depends on their physical properties, such as bulk density, mechanical deformability, porosity, pore tortuosity, air- and water-filled pores, air and gas perme-ability, hydraulic conductivity, moisture content, water holding capacity, matric potential and thermal conductivity (Agnew and Leonard, 2003).

7. The treatment of biodegradable wastes may include the use of both heat and chemicals, and it can depend on the predictability of their transport across the treated material. This material can be considered as a solid matrix with spaces filled with heterogeneous gaseous and liquid fluids. The flow of these fluids can be considered essentially as a transport processes in the porous medium. ²

8. DeFINITION Waste: Waste is a product or substance which is no longer suited for its intended use. ‘Waste’ is defined as “any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard”. Generally, waste is defined as at the end of the product life cycle and is disposed of in landfills.5

9. Classification of waste Based on source or origin a) Household: solid waste, electronics b) wastewater treatment : sewage, solid waste, chemicals . c) Health care or medical waste: medicines, bandages, gloves, body fluids and body parts. ,e

10. d) Agricultural / forestry: pesticides and fertilizfers, manure, Slaughter waste. e) Industry: Textile, plastic, chemicals. f) construction :Concrete, metal, glass, wood. g) mining: Waste Rock, mine water, chemicals.

11. 2. Based on nature of waste a) Non hazardous or solide Waste: Is always which has not been classified as hazardous. * Organic waste * Paper * Plastics * metal * glass

12. b) Hazardous waste: is waste that has been identified as potentially causing harm to the environment and human health and therefore needs special, separate treatment and handling.

13. “Healthcare or medical waste”: Originates from the human and animal Healthcare systems and usually consist of medicines, chemical, bandage, used medical equipments, body Fluids and body parts. Medical W aste can be i nfectious, toxic or radioactive or contain bacteria and harmful microorganism s.

14. * Radioactive waste: contain radioactive materials. * E- waste: or electronic waste is waste from electric and electronic equipments such as end- of- life computers, phones and Home appliances.

15. Health hazards of accumulated solid waste # S olid waste is a large source of Methane , a powerful Greenhouse gas ( GH G) that is particularly impactful in the short term. # Locally, uncollected solid waste contributes to flooding, air and water pollution, and Public Health impacts such as respiratory ailments, diarrhoea and dengue fever. # It is also unesthetic and produces bad odours. Therefore, early managed waste has an enormous impact on . Environment, health and economy.

16. Non Hazardous oR solid waste management : Biodegradable waste The waste management hierarchy ( WHO 2014 ) Solid waste management is based on the heracry of waste management: reduce, reuse, recycle often adding a fourth“R”for recovery.

17. The preferred approach is to avoid generating waste and thus minimise the quantity entering the waste stream. Where practic able and sa fe, those waste items that can be recovered for secondary use is the next most preferable method. The key advantage of recycling and recovery and reduce quantities of disposed waste and the return of materials to the economy. Waste that cannot be recovered must then be dealt with by the least harmful option, such as treatment or land disposal to reduce their health and environmental impacts.

18. Segregation segregation of waste is advantageous. Waste can be broken down into recyclables, biodegradable waste and non recyclables, portions. If these are mixed at the point of generatio, it may prevent recyclables from being recovered.

19. Storage The next consideration to be given is to the proper stor age of waste, while awaiting collection. The dustbin should be large enough to ca ter to the requirements and should have a closed fitting cover. Waste collection and transport Waste collection is the collection of solid waste from point of production ( residential, industrial commercial , institutiona l) to the point of treatment or disposal.

20. Municipal solid waste MSW is selected i s several ways : 1. House to house: Waste collectors visit each individual house to collect garbage. The user generally pays for this service. 2. Community bins: users bring their garbage to community beans that are placed at fixed point in a neighborhood or locality. MSW is picked up by the Municipality, or its designate, according to a set schedule. 3. Curbside pick up: users leave their garbage directly outside their homes according to a garbage pick up schedule set with the local authorities.

21. Disposal If waste is left lying around or disposed in uncontrolled or open dumps, the waste is exposed to flies and rodents and is a source of nuisance because of the smell and unsightly appearance.

22. The loose refuse maybe dispersed by the action of wind and the drain age from du m p s may contribute to the pollution of surface and ground water, putting public health and safety at risk. There is no single method of refuse disposal, which is equally suitable in all circumstances. And ideal waste management system should satisfy three characteristic. It Controh economical environmental and social sustainability.

23. The principal solid waste disposal methods are, 1. Control led tipping or sanitary land fill 2.Compositing 3.Incineration 4. Manure pits 5. Burial

24. Controlled tipping (sanitary landfill) Land f ills are an important part of a ny urban waste management system , regardless of other waste disposal solution used. Event cities that recycle much of their waste a r e heav il y re liant on incineration need to l andfill residual as h , waste that cannot be recycled or combusted, and waste from other waste facilities when other disposal system s are not operating. Three methods are used in this operation : 1. the tr ench method , 2. the ramp method and 3. the area method .

25. The trench method : this method is used where level ground is available. A long train is dug out 6 - 10 ft. Deep and 12 -36f t . W ide, depending upon focal conditions. The refuse is compacted and covered with excavated earth. The ramp method : this method is used where the Terrain is mod era te ly sloping. Some excavation is done to secure the covering material. The area method: this method is used for filling land depression. The refuse is deposited and sealed on its exposed surface with a mud cover. This method has the disadvantage of requiring supplemental Earth from outside sources.

26. Composting Composting is a process that optimi z es the natural decomposition of food , Garden , and Agriculture waste s into a fertilizer like product, called compos t . The volume of the organic waste can decrease by 60 to 90% as a result . It is a relatively low cost strategy for converting the organic portion of the waste stream into a valuable material that can enrich the soil on farms , in park and in household Garden s. Various composting methods are available, 1.Mechanical composting 2.Bangalore method 3.Windrow composting

27. Incineration Incineration refers to the combustion of waste under controlled condition s . When the process is done using highly advanced Air Pollution Control equipment , in addition to reducing the volume of municipal solid waste and destroying harmful substances . that Technology also produces energy and heat. Incireration aapplied w ith Energy recovery has the potential to be a source of energy in addition to a waste management solution.

28. Manure pits T hey are dug by individual householders to dump the garbag , cattle dug, straw , and leaves. They are covered with earth after each days dumping. In 5 to 6 months time, the refuse is converted into manure which can be returned to the field. This method of refuse disposal is effective and relatively simple in rural communities.

29. Health care waste: Healthcare waste is defined as all the w aste generated by Healthcare establishment, research facilities and laboratories. In addition it includes the waste originating from minor or scatter sources such as that produce in the course of Healthcare undertaken in the home .

30. Types of health care waste Infectious waste: infectious waste is material suspected to contain pathogens in sufficient concentration or quantity to cause disease in suspectible hosts. Pathological waste: pathological waste consists of tissues, organs, body parts, blood, body fluids and other waste ftom surgery abd autopsies on patients with infectious diseases.

31. Sharps waste: sharps are items that could cause cuts or puncture wounds, including needles, hypodermic needles, scalpes and other blades, knives, infusion sets, saws, broken glass and pipettes. Chemical waste: chemical waste consist of discarded solid, liquid abd gaseous chemicals. Pharmaceutical waste: pharmaceutical waste includes expired, unused, spilt and contaminated pharmaceutical products. Cytotoxic waste: waste containg substances with genotoxic properties.

32. Radioactive waste: products contaminated by radionuclides including radioactive diagnostic material or radiotherapeutic materials. Non hazardous waste: waste that had not been in contact with infectious agents, hazardous chemicals or radioactive substances and does not pose a sharps hazard and plastics, discarded food, meatal, glass.

33. Hazardous waste management The Purpose of treatment is to reduce the potential Hazard posed by Health Care waste, while endeavouring to protect with the environment. The choice of treatment system involves consideration of waste characteristic Technology capabilities and requirements environmental and safety factors and cost many of which depend on local conditions.

34. Biomedical waste management in India Biomedical Waste Management and handling rule 1998 describe by the Ministry of environmental and forest , Government of India , came into force on 28 July 1998. The r ule appliance to those who generate, collect, received, store, treat or handle biomedical waste in any manner . the act is now superceded by Biomedical Waste Management rules 2016 which came into force from 28 th March 2016 .³

35. Conclusion The key to mans health lies in his environment, much of man’s Heels can be traced to adverse environmental factors such as water pollution, air pollution, poor house condition and presence of vectors of diseases which pose of constant threat to Man’s Health. Waste produced in the course of Health Care activities carries a higher potential for infection and in jury tha n any other type of waste . This management involves a process where why waste are collected, transmitted and disposed of in the best possible way of limiting or illinating the harmful effect of waste .4

36. Reference 1.Peter S. Essentials of public Health Dentistry 7 th Edition Page no. 139-164 Arya MEDI publishing House Pvt. Ltd. 2.Agostini F., Sundberg C., Navia R. (2012) Is biodegradable waste a porous environment –Waste management and research… 3.Park D. K. Park’s Textbook of preventive and social Medicine “25” Edition page no. 852 Banarasidas Bhanot publication.

37. 4. Basu, R (2009) Solid Waste Management –A Model Study. Sies jounal management, 6, 20-24. 5. Jms.ccsenet.org