Biodiversity and Conservation of plantation crops.

Biodiversity and conservation efforts in plantation, spices, and medicinal crops are crucial for preserving ecosystems and sustaining agriculture. These efforts focus on maintaining genetic diversity within plant species, protecting endangered species, and promoting sustainable farming practices.

In plantation agriculture, such as tea, coffee, and rubber, conserving biodiversity involves preserving natural habitats, preventing deforestation, and implementing agroforestry practices that support a variety of plant and animal species. This can help maintain ecological balance and ecosystem services like pollination and pest control.

In the case of spices, which often come from diverse plant species grown in different regions, conservation efforts may include protecting natural habitats where these plants grow, promoting sustainable harvesting practices, and supporting local communities that depend on spice cultivation.

For medicinal crops, biodiversity conservation is essential to safeguarding the genetic diversity of plants used in traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals. This involves preserving natural habitats, preventing overharvesting of wild medicinal plants, and promoting cultivation of medicinal crops using sustainable methods.

Overall, biodiversity and conservation efforts in plantation, spices, and medicinal crops are vital for ensuring the long-term sustainability of agriculture, protecting ecosystems, and supporting human well-being.

1. BIDHAN CHANDRA KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAYA Topic- Biodiversity and conservation of plantation, spices, medicinal and aromatic crops  Course- Rural horticultural work experience programme and industrial attachment Course code - HORT-401        B.Sc   (Hons.) Horticulture,7th Semester

2. Submitted by : Hort-15.Parijat Molla Hort-16.Payel Paul Hort-17.Priya Mondal Hort-18.Rahul Karmakar Hort-19.Rakhshinda Akhtar Hort-21.Saptarshi Nandi

3. Biodiversity and its importance Biodiversity is the most important functional component of a natural ecosystem that aid to maintain of ecological functions and addresses the extent of natural diversity in the biosphere. Plant diversity provides a consistent and diverse supply of food, medicine, and raw materials for human beings. The majority of traditional medicine relies on naturally occurring plant extracts. India is known as the "Land of Spices" due to its rich spice heritage and production supremacy. It grows more than 52-60 spice crops out of the 109 identified by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). It is essential to preserve all variability in the species gene pool of spice, including wild relatives, land races, and cultivars, which are extremely vulnerable and prone to extinction.

4. Coconut [Cocos nucifera ]     Coconut  ( Cocos nucifera ) belong to the family Arecaceae . Coconuts can be divided into two genetically distinct groups: the Indo-Atlantic group and the Pacific group. The Indo-Atlantic group originates from southern India and nearby regions, while the Pacific group originates from the region between maritime Southeast Asia and Melanesia. CPCRI has the world's largest collection of coconut germplasm with 132 exotic and222 indigenous types. Traditional areas of coconut cultivation in India are the states of Kerala, Tamilnadu, Puduchery , West Bengal , Gujrat and the islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman-Nicobar.   Important species   Cocos nucifera , Cocos intertrappeansis ,   Cocos sahnii .  BIODIVERSITY OF PLANTATION CROPS Cocos nucifera

5. Cashewnut     [Anacardium occidentale] Cashew  is the common name of a tropical evergreen tree   Anacardium occidentale . It belongs to the family Anacardiaceae .  It is native to South America.  A total of 1,490 germplasm accessions are conserved at NRC on Cashew and at different cashew research stations in India. The tree can grow as tall as 14 metres but the dwarf cultivars, growing up to 6 m  The leaves are spirally arranged. The flower sare produced in a panicle.

6. Betelvine [Piper betle ] The  betelvine ( Piper betle ) , belongs to the pepper family Piperaceae, native to Southeast Asia. It is an evergreen vine. Betelvine plants are cultivated for their leaves . Species Diversity The genus Piper contains about 1000-2000 species. The largest number of Piper species are found in America (about 700 species), with about 300 species from Southern Asia. Some of the important species P. betle , P. siriboa , P. hamiltonii , P. longum . The important types are bangla , kapoori , meetha , sanchi , Bidhan pan .

7. Black pepper [ Piper nigrum L.] Black pepper known as the " King of spices " or " Black gold " belongs to the family Piperaceae and is originated in the sub-mountainous tracts of the Western Ghats of India. The genus Piper includes approximately 1,000-2000 species . The IISR in Kozhikode is the National Repository for black pepper germplasm, with 1503 wild and 1669 cultivar accessions in its gene bank that includes approximately 19 indigenous and 9 exotic species with over 80 local cultivars. A total of 3181 germplasms were maintained at IISR, Kozhikode, Kerala. Some of the important species used in the indigenous medicine system include P. barberi, P. longum , P. cubeba, P. betle , P. wightii, P. arboreum and P. retrofractum . BIODIVERSITY OF SPICES CROPS

8. P. barberi P. wightii P. betle P. cubeba P . nigrum P. longum P. retrofractum P. arboreum

9. Cardamom [ Elettaria cardamomum ] Cardamom known as the 'Queen of Spices', is the dried fruit of a tall perennial herbaceous plant in the Zingiberaceae family. It includes several plants from the Elettaria and Amomum genera. According to the two genera, one is known as true cardamom, green cardamom, or small cardamom ( Elettaria cardamomum ) and the other is recognized as large cardamom or black cardamom ( Amomum subulatum ). Species Origin Elettaria ensal (Gaertn.) Sri Lanka E. brachycalyx, E. longipilosa, E. kapitensis, E. rubida and E. stoloniflora Sarawak, Malaysia E. linearicrista Sarawak (Malaysia) and Brunei E. longituba and E. multiflora Sumatra (Indonesia), Peninsular Malaysia Different species of Elettaria

10. Turmeric is a rhizomatous spice belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. The genus Curcuma contains approximately 117 species, 40 of which are distributed in India. Turmeric ex-situ gene banks have been set up at NBPGR, Regional Station, Trichur, and IISR, Calicut. The IISR turmeric conservatory has 1040 accessions, including 1,018 cultivars and 16 accessions of related taxa and 6 exotic collections. Some of the important species of Curcuma that used in the indigenous medicine, culinary purpose and as cosmetic goods include C. longa, C. amada, C. angustifolia, C. aromatica, C. caesia, C. zeodoaria, C. ferruginea, C. caulina. Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.)

11. C. longa C. amada C. angustifolia C. aromatica C. caesia C. zeodoaria C. ferruginea C. caulina

12. Withania somnifera , known commonly as ashwagandha or winter cherry . It belongs to the family Solanaceae . Grows in India, the Middle East, and parts of Africa. In India, systematic germplasm collection has been initiated in 1978 under All India Coordinated Research Projects (M&AP) at its Mandsaur centre . Sufficient genetic variability is available among cultivated and wild types of ashwagandha . Only two species, viz . W. coagulans and W. somnifera are found in India Variation- W. coagulans a rigid grey under-shrub of 60-120 cm high. Some other species- -- Withania japonica Withania frutescens (L.) Withania begonifolia ( Roxb .) W. somnifera W. coagulans ASHWAGANDHA [ Withania somnifera ] BIODIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL CROPS

13. SARPAGANDHA is a medicinal plant belonging to the family : Apocynaceae . The dried root of sarpagandha commonly known as serpentine root or serpentina root. It is native to the Indian subcontinent and East Asia (from India to Indonesia). It is a perennial undershrub widely distributed in India in the sub-Himalayan regions up to 1,000 metres . Varieties RS-1-Released by JNKVV College of Agriculture, Indore. CIM- Sheel - Released by CIMAP, Lucknow is a high yielding variety. SARPAGANDHA [ Rauvolfia serpentine ]

14. Ocimum sanctum ( rama tulsi ) Ocimum americanum (American basil) Ocimum basilicum (Genovese basil) Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) Ocimum africanum (lemon basil) Ocimum tenuiflorum ( Kapoor tulsi ) Tulsi( Ocimum sp )

15. Periwinkle ( Vinca sp ) Vinca difformis Vinca herbacea Vinca major Vinca minor Vinca erecta

16. It belongs to the family Cardiopteridaceae Species Distribution Citronella apogon Bolivia , NW Argentina Citronella costarricensis Costa Rica, Panama, Citronella engleriana Rio de Janeiro Citronella hirsuta New Caledonia Citronella incarum Peru, Colombia, Ecuador Citronella latifolia Samar BIODIVERSITY OF AROMATIC CROPS CITRONELLA [ Cymbopogon nardus ] Cymbopogon nardus Cymbopogon winterianus Cymbopogon Citratus Cymbopogon martini

17. Lemongrass ( Cymbapogon citratus ) is also known as fever grass. It belongs to the family poaceae . Species: Distribution: Cymbopogon ambiguus Australia Cymbopogon annamensis Vietnam, Thailand Cymbopogon bhutanicus Bhutan Cymbopogon bombycinus - Australia Cymbopogon densiflorus Central + south-central Africa Cymbopogon dependens Australia Cymbopogon dieterlenii South Africa Cymbopogon ambiguus Cymbopogon citratus Cymbopogon bombycinus   LEMONGRASS [Cymbopogon citratus ]

18. Conservation of plantation, spice, medicinal & aromatic crops Conservation

19. Conservation of plantation crops COCONUT CPCRI has the world's largest collection of coconut germplasm with 132 exotic and222 indigenous types. Exotic collections from 27 countries comprise 106 talls , 24 dwarf, one semi-tall and one hybrid. The indigenous collection comprises 198 talls and 24 dwarfs from different regions including Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep group of Islands. International Coconut Gene Bank (ICGB) located in India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea. World Coconut Germplasm (WCG) is located at Sipoghat , Andaman Nicobar Islands, India. Coconut Development Board (CDB) is located at Cochin, Kerala. Chowghat Orange Dwarf Kalpa Jyothi Kalpa Surya

20. CASHEW NUT A total of 1,490 germplasm accessions are conserved at NRC on Cashew and at different cashew research stations in India. These are primarily indigenous types selected from seedling progenies of limited initial introduction with a few exotic types. The National Cashew Gene Bank (NCGB) which has been established at NRCC, Puttur is exclusively with clonal accessions. Apple, nut and kernels of Tis-3 selection Fruit bunch, apples and nuts of Selection  Ganje-2 Apple, nut and kernels of Selection KN-2/98

21. Sumangala Sreemangala Mohitnagar Swarnamangala ARECANUT In arecanut,164 germplasm collections of which 23 exotic and 141 indigenous are conserved at CPCRI, Vittal .

22. Conservation of spice crops Black pepper- The Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR), kozhikode and National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) have given high priority for systematic collection and conservation of black pepper growing in the western ghats. In IISR, about 3,000 accessions of black pepper are conserved. Turmeric - Turmeric ex-situ gene banks have been set up at NBPGR, regional station, Trichur, and IISR, Calicut. The IISR turmeric conservatory has 1040 accessions, including 1,018 cultivars and 16 accessions of related taxa and 6 exotic collections.

23. Small cardamom - ICRS, Appangala , Karnataka[Cultivated-403 , Related taxa- 13 = Total-416] ICRS, Myladumpara , Kerala[Cultivated-600 , Related taxa- 12 = Total-612] ICRS, Pampadumpara , Kerala[Cultivated-151 , Related taxa- 1 = Total-152] ICRS, RRS, Karnataka[Cultivated-161] Ginger - IISR.Kozhikode,kerala  accessions=645 YSPUHF,Solan,Himachal Pradesh  accessions=271 UBKV,Pundibari,West Bengal  accessions=31

24. Conservation of medicinal & aromatic crops

25. Conservation of medicinal & aromatic crops In The Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research (ICAR-DMAPR), Anand, Gujarat,many germplasms are collected and conserved . The All India Coordinated Research Project on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (AICRP. MAP) made its beginning in the Fourth Five Year Plan (1967-72) with five centers, two based in ICAR institutes, viz., Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)/National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi and Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. More than 90% of the formulations under the Indian Systems of Medicine that is, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH), predominantly contain plant-based raw materials. Central Scheme for Development and Cultivation of Medicinal Plants was implemented in 1990/91. National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) is located in New Delhi.

26. Tissue Culture Lab Sucker Selection Virus Indexing Multiplication & Rooting Initiation Shoot Elongation Primary Hardening Mechanise Tray Filling Grading & Planting in Protray Primary Hardening in Greenhouse Automised climate control system Despatch to Secondary hardening Secondary Hardening T e rtiary Hardening Planting in Big Tray by Robotic Machine Secondary Hardening in Polyhouse Starting - Adoptation to outside Climate Plant adoptation to Climatic condition Plant development in Controlled Polyhouse Distribution and After Sale Service Dispatch in Special Crate Dispatch of healthy & well rooted Plants Agronomical Support Tissue Culture Banana Tissue Culture Strawberry Tissue Culture Pomegranate Tissue Culture Plants Available VISIT HIGH-TECH HORTICULTURE AT JAIN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS LIMITED Tissue culture is used as a method of conservation at Jain Hill Irrigation. Jain Hill Irrigation employs tissue culture primarily for the propagation and conservation of rare and endangered plant species. It ensures Disease free Plant Production ,genetic preservation and propagation of exotic species.

27. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Curry Leaf Adulsa Nutmeg Cinnamon Lemon grass Agro- forestry Plants Vekhand All Spices Noni Reetha Behada Aloe vera Patharchatta Spices Spices are used for flovouring,seasoning and imparting aroma in foods. Jain Hi –Tech Nursery deals with the spices seedling of Chilli, Turmeric, Ginger,Garlic, Black paper etc. These plants are propagated through seed and vegetative parts like rhizome and bulbs. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Jain Hi-Tech Nursery deals with several medicinal plants. It includes Neem, Adulsa, All spice, Ashwagandha, Card a mom, Cinnamon, Clove, Curry leaf, Aloe vera, Nutmeg, Patharchatta, Tulsi, Noni, etc.

28. Primary and secondary hardening of coconut

29. Germplasm collection of ginger and turmeric Tissue culture of black pepper

30. Tissue culture in coffee:primary and secondary hardening

31. Biodiversity loss is a global issue. India is one of the 17-mega diverse countries of the world. In conclusion, our conservation efforts for PMAS crops are crucial for preserving biodiversity, maintaining ecosystem balance, and ensuring the sustainability of our planet. Through initiatives such as seed banks, and innovative techniques like tissue culture, we are actively working towards safeguarding endangered species. Some of the species of the plantation, spices, medicinal and aromatic crops have become endangered today due to lack of conservation and overexploitation. So it is very important to know about the biodiversity of these important crops and conserve them through in-situ or ex-situ . Conclusion

32. Reference https://cpcri.icar.gov.in/page/article/cpcri_crop_improvement https://www.slideshare.net/MeghaSShah2/conservation-of-medicinal-plant-248352381#2 Wikipedia Introduction to spices, plantation crops , medicinal and aromatic crops- N.Kumar Glaustus Horticulture Britannica, (2023). Black pepper. Encyclopedia Britannica. Britannica (2024). Ginger. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/ginger Farooq A., Ali A., Khalid M. A., and Anwar- ul -Hassan. (2016) -Cardamom ( Elettaria cardamomum Maton ) Oils. Victor R. Preedy , Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety, Academic Press, Pages 295-301

33. Thank you