BIODIVERSITY AND IT's DIFFERENT TYPES ALONG WITH IMPORTANCE

This presentation contains a basic idea of the biodiversity and its different types in the environment. The concept of biodiversity has been visualized taking the definitions from the different scientists of this domain. The different types of diversity like genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity along with molecular diversity have been explained with intended examples. The point diversity, alpha diversity, beta diversity, gamma diversity have been explained to offer a bird's eye view in this domain.

1. BIODIVERSITY AND level of biodiversity
Dr. N. Sannigrahi,
Associate Professor,
Department of Botany,
Nistarini college, Purulia
D.B. Road, Purulia,
INDIA (W.B)

2. BIODIVERSITY
Theblueplanetisthetreasureofastoundingvarietiesofnaturalresources,
Somearelivingorbioticwhileothersareabioticornon-livingresources,
Livingresourcesaremaybemicroscopicormacroscopic,
Allthemacroandmicroscopictogetherconstitutesthebiodiversityofthe
earth.
Organismsconstitutebothfloraandfauna,
Eachoftheseorganizationsinvolvesthreelevelsofexistenceand
interactions-genes,speciesandecosystems,
Thebiodiversityisessentialforthesurvivalandpropagationofspeciesand
naturalcommunity,
Speciesdiversityfurtheranalyzedintofourmajorcomponents-point
richnessordiversity,alphadiversity,betadiversityandgammadiversity,
Inthecontextofbiodiversitylosses,itisatoolfortheconnectinglink
betweentheevolutionarypastandthefuture,
Theauto-sustainableandselfregeneratingattributesistheawesome
privilegetostudyitsnatureandsustainability.

3. BIODIVERSITY

4. Biodiversity?
BiologicaldiversityorBiodiversityisthefoundationandlifesupporting
pillarsofhumansontheearth,
“Thereliabilityamonglivingorganismsfromallsourcesincluding
interalia,terrestrial,marineandotherecosystemsandtheecological
complexesofwhichtheyarepart;includesdiversitywithinspecies,
betweenspeciesandecosystem”(CBD).
“thetotalityofgenes,speciesandecosystemsofaregion”isthe
biodiversityoftheplace.
Theterm“Biodiversity”wasusedbywildlifescientistandconservationist
RaymondE.Dasmannin1958inabook“AdifferentkindofCountry”
advocatingconservation,
Itis“thesumofearthspeciesincludingalltheirinteractionsandvariations
withintheirbioticandabioticenvironmentinbothspaceandtime”.(Terry
Erawin,1991),
Biodiversityis“thecompletearrayoforganismsbiologicallymediated
processes,originallyderivedstructuresoutthereontheglobe”
(JerryFranklin)

5. Biodiversity?
“thewholepackageofgenes,population,speciesandtheclusterof
interactionsthattheymanifest”(DanielJanzen),
“thetotalnumberofgeneticlineagesonearth”(ThomasEisner),
“shortenedforalltherichnessoflife”(ReedNoss),
“thesumtotalofplants,animals,fungiandmicroorganismsintheworld
includingtheirgeneticdiversityandthewayinwhichtheyfittogetherinto
communitiesandecosystems”(PeterRaven),
BiodiversityisthenamewegivetothevarietyofalllifeonEarth.Bacteria
tobaboons,plantstopeople-therangeoflifeonourplanetisincredible.
Alllivingthingsexistwithintheirowncommunities,orecosystems-
oceansforests,deserts,icecapsandevencities.Allthisputtogetheris
biodiversity:thevolumeoflifeonEarthaswellashowdifferentspecies
interactwitheachotherandwiththephysicalworldaroundthem.
Thewordbiodiversityisacontractionof'biologicaldiversity'.Theconcept
isbroadandcomplex,butthatcomplexityiswhatmakesEarthaperfect
placeforhumanstolive.

6. GENETIC DIVERSITY
Thelevelsofbiodiversityisanimportantcontextasperitsorganiasationpoint
ofview,
Theinternationallyrecognizedandmostlydiscussedthreekindofbiodiversity
asstatedbelow-Geneticdiversity,SpeciesDiversityandecosystemDiversity
Eachoneisrepresentedbasicallybyvarietyandvariabilityofspeciesincluding
theinteractionsofecosystemanditscomponents
GENETICDIVERSITY
Geneticdiversityisthevarietyofgeneswithinaspecies.
Geneticdiversitycanbemeasuredatvariouslevels,suchaspopulation,
species,community,andbiome.E.g.Duetohabitatfragmentationgenetic
diversityofIndiantigershasbeenreduced.
Geneticdiversityisimportantasitservesasfoundationforevolutionand
adaptation.
Greatergeneticdiversitywithinaspeciesorpopulationenhancestheability
ofsomeindividualstoadapttoenvironmentalchanges.
Lessergeneticdiversityresultsinuniformity,whichposesalong-term
problem,asit’sunlikelythatanyindividualwithinthepopulationcould
adapttochangingconditions.

7. SPECIES DIVERSITY
Speciesdiversityreferstothevarietyofspeciesfoundwithinahabitatora
region.
Thisisthenumberofdifferentspeciesthatarerepresentedinagiven
community,
Theeffectivenumberofspeciesreferstothenumberofequallyabundant
speciesneededtoobtainthesamemeanproportionalspeciesabundanceasthat
observedinthedatasetofinterestwhereallthespeciesmaynotbeequally
abundant,
Speciesdiversityconsistsofthreecomponents-speciesrichness,taxonomicor
phylogeneticdiversityandspeciesevenness,
Somehabitats,suchasrainforestsandcoralreefs,havehighspeciesdiversity.
ForExample,agoodclimatewithgoodphysicalgeographysupportsbetter
speciesdiversity.
Therearetwolevelsofspeciesdiversity:
I.RegionalDiversityofwholenationsorpartsofcontinentswithinwhich
manydifferentcommunitiesexist,
II.LocalDiversityinagivennationwheredifferentcommunitiesexistat
differentlatitudes.

8. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
Itdealswiththevariationsinecosystemswithingeographicallocationor
ecologicalareaandtheiroverallimpactonbioticexistenceandthe
environment,
Thisdiversityisatypeofbiodiversitywherethevariationinthe
ecosystemsarekeyfactorfoundintheregionwhichexertinfluenceover
thewholeplanet
Ecosystemdiversityisthevarietyofecosystemsatagivenplace.
Itincorporatesbothhabitatandcommunitydiversity.
Ecosystemdiversityencompassesbothbiotic(living)andabiotic(non-
living)elements,distinguishingitfromgeneticandspeciesdiversity.
Astheenvironmentchanges,thespeciesbestadapttoitselfaccordingto
theenvironmentthusthediversityofthespeciesinanecosystemis
influencedbytheecosystemitself.
Itisthelargestscaleofbiodiversitywithinthislevelofecosystem,thereis
agreatdealofbothspeciesandgeneticdiversity,
Invertebrates(i.e.animalswithoutbackbones)comprisearound99%ofall
animalspecies,andmostofthemareinsects.
Invertebratesencompassarangeofanimalsincludingcrabs,snails,worms,
corals,seastars,andinsectslikebeetlesandflies.
Insectsplaycrucialrolesinecosystemsbyactingaspollinators,nutrient
recyclers,scavengers,andafoodsourceforotherorganisms.

9. DIVERSITY OF PLANTS, ANIMALS & MICROBES
GROUP NUMBER DESCRIBED ESTIMATED TOTAL
SPECIES
Viruses 5000 About 50000
Bacteria 4,000 400,000-3 million
Fungi 70,000 1-1.5 million
Protozoan 40,000 100,000-200,000
Algae 40,000 200,000-10 million
Flowering plants 250,000 300,000-500,000
Vertebrates 45,000 50,000
Roundworms 15,000 50,000-1 million
Mollusks 70,000 200,0000
Crustaceans 40,000 150,000
Spiders and mites 75,000 750,000-10 million
Insects 950,000 8-100 million

10. MOLECULAR DIVERSITY
Biodiversityinvolvesdiversityofspecies,geneticsandhabitats,
Besidesthesethreefactors,anothersourceofbiodiversityismolecular
diversity,themoleculardiversitysthekeycomponentswithoutwhichthe
originofnewspeciescannotbetakenintoaccountinthepassageof
evolution,
Itisdistinctfromgeneticsalthoughthebothareultimatelyinvolvedwith
themagicmoleculeofDNAalongwithothersemantides,
Itoccurswithinoneindividual,betweentheindividualsofthesame
species,
Molecularbiodiversityreferstothediversitywithinandamongorganisms
atthemolecularlevel,encompassingvariationsinDNA,RNA,and
proteins.
Itprovidesinsightsintoevolution,speciesidentification,andthediscovery
ofhiddenbiodiversity,suchascrypticspecies.
TechnologieslikeDNAbarcodingandhigh-throughputsequencingare
crucialtoolsforstudyingmoleculardiversity,whichhasimportant
applicationsinconservationplanning,ecology,andunderstandingthe
effectsofclimatechange.

11. ALPHA, BETA AND GAMMA DIVERSITY

12. ALPHA, BETA AND GAMMA DIVERSITY
Fromthecompositionandrelativemeasurementpointofviewof
biodiversity,particularlytheecosystemorcommunitydiversity,four
aspectsofdiversitycanbeaddressedhere-
Pointdiversity,
Alphadiversity,
Betadiversity,
Gammadiversity.
POINTDIVERSITYORRICHNESS
Itreferstothenumberofspeciesthatcanbefoundatasinglepointin
space,
Pointdiversityisthemeasureofdiversitywithinaverysmallorspecific
area,suchasasinglemicrohabitatorevenasingleleaforflower.It
representsthesmallest-scalebiodiversity,examiningthediversityatthe
mostlocalizedlevel.
Thisisoftencontrastedwithlargerscalesofdiversity,suchasalpha(within
ahabitat)andgamma(acrossalargerregion)diversity.

13. ALPHA DIVERSITY
The total number of species in a single community is described as alpha
diversity,
It comes general concept of species richness,
When we casually speak of diversity of an area, more often than it refers to
alpha diversity,
BETA DIVERSITY
It refers to the degree to which species composition changes along an
environmental gradient,
Beta diversity is said to high , as ad when the species composition of moss
communities , as an example , changes at successively higher elevations of
mountain slope , but low when same species occupy the whole mountain
side,
It compares between the two communities or ecosystems,

14. GAMMA DIVERSITY
Itisalargerscaleandlookstocomparethespeciesdiversitybetweenthe
twoseparateentitiesthatareoftendividedbyacleargeographicalbarrier
likeriverormountain.
GAMMADIVERSITY
Itrelatestolargergeographicalscale,
Infact,itmaybedefinedas“Therateatwhichtheadditionalspeciesare
encounteredasgeographicalreplacementswithinahabitattypeindifferent
localities”.
Interestingly,theplantcommunitiesofAmazonRainforestsmaybecited
forexhibitinghighlevelsofdiversityatthealpha,betaandgamma
diversity,
Itisstudiedataverylargescale-abiome-wherespeciesdiversityis
comparedbetweenthedifferentecosystems,
Itcouldberangeoverentireslopeofmountain,ortheentirelittoralzoneof
seashore,

15. SUSTAUNABLE BIODIVERSITY

16. Thanks for your visit
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
a.Google for images,
b.Different websites for enriching the course content,
c.Science Direct pages,
d.Plant Taxonomy & Biodiversity-N.D. Paria
e.A textbook of Botany-VolIII –Hait, Bhattacharya & Ghosh.
DISCLAIMER:
Thispresentationhasbeendesignedtoaddresstheacademicfraternity
withoutanyfinancialinterest.Thisisabsolutelyfreetouse.The
authordoesnotclaimanykindoffinancialbenefitsfromthiscontent.