biodiversity class 9.pdf

slides about biodiversity of plants and animal and kingdom system ,structure of virus ,

1. Chapter # 3
Biodiversity

2. •God has created so many creatures including
animal, plants, insects, microorganisms and
many more.
•To simply study all these animal easily ,they all
first must be assembled in an order.
•Scientist group all these life that found on
earth in a groups.
•This is called CLASSIFICATION.

3. DEFINITION
OF
BIODIVERSITY:
•Biodiversity is the combination
of twoword. Bio means life
and diversitymeans variation.
•Biodiversity is the variation
among thedifferent species or
it is also the variation among
the member ofsame species.

4. Importance
of
biodiversity:
•Now let's have a look about importance of
biodiversity.
•It isvery important to know that what is
the advantage of all this variation inlife of
earth.
•Biodiversity meansthat there is a variety
ofcreatures on earth. Thismeans that
they have different properties, and
benefitsmankind differently.
•For example:
•Products like wool, wood, timber,water
,paper, food, oil.allthese products obtain
from plants and animal.

5. •This biodiversity help to reduce pollution.
•This biodiversityrecycle nutrition.
•Biodiversity maintainforest.
•Increases beauty of world.
•It provide chemical and drugs to mankind.
•80% of world depend on drug obtain from these
plants.
•Thisbiodiversity enhances the tourism.

6. Diversity in plants:
Click to add text

8. Variety of different animals on earth

9. AIMS AND
PRINCIPLES OF
CLASSIFICATION:

10. •Nowwe should know why it is necessary to classify all organism that
found on earth?
•At today about 1.5 million specieshave been found and have given
scientific name as well.
•So organize all theseorganismof earth into and order.
•Scientistorganize them in group and sub groups.
•This is calledBiological classification.

11. ANALOGOUS
HOMOLOGOUS

12. •Homologous are
those structure that
are similar
in appearance(extern
ally ) but
different(internally) in
function.
Homologous:

13. Analogous:
•Analogous structure are
those structure which
are functionally same
but internally different.

14. •Sometime it isvery difficult to classify organism on
the basis of morphology , homologous and analogous
•So then scientist usedifferent ways .
•Likestudy organism on the basis of their cytology,
biochemistry, genetics and developmental pattern

15. Taxonomic hierarchy:
•The group under which organism are
classified as taxonomic categories or
taxa.
•When these taxon are arranged in
ascending orderthey formladder, this
is calledtaxonomic hierarchy.
•Biggesttaxon or taxonomic categories
is kingdom
•All organism are classified under5
kingdom
•So kingdom is the largest taxon or
taxonomic categories of this ladder or
hierarchy.

16. Principle of classification:
•Many organism share many basic/fundamental countries.
•They are further explained under theterm called
MORPHOLOGY.
•Morphology is the study of external feature of organism.
•Under morphologythere are twobroadstudies that is
HOMOLOGY and ANALOGY.

17. Unit of classification:
•Smallest taxonomic categories is species.
•All organism which having same fundamental characteristic are group
together in acategory called specie.
•So organism of same species aresimilarand can interbreed to each
otherproducefertile offspring.
Species:

18. •Closely related specie group togetherinto genera.
•Generagroup into family.
•Family into order
•order into class.
•Class into phyla or division .
•Divisionor phylum into kingdom.
Click to add text

20. Aims of
Classification:
•The use or importance or need of
classification is to make it easy to study
organism.
•Science of classification is called TAXONOMY.
•Main purpose ofclassification is to find out
similarities and dissimilarities among
organism.
•It alsohelp to know the evolutionary
relationship.

21. Three
different
species having
same genera:

22. HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION:
•Giving name to plants and animal or
taxonomyhas many founders it includes,
Aristotle& CarolusLinnaeus.
•First father of taxonomyis Aristotle also called
father of science.
•Aristotle first studiedthe giving two keyname
giving to organism. Also calledBIMOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE.
•Aristotle firstclassifiedanimal in book Historia
Animaliumin Latinon the basis ofsimilarities
and dissimilarities among them.

23. Aristotle:
Aristotle first studiedthe giving two
keynamegiving to organism. Also
calledBIMOMIALNOMENCLATURE.
Aristotle firstclassifiedanimal in
bookHistoriaAnimaliumin Latinon
the basis ofsimilaritiesand
dissimilarities among them.

24. Abu Usman
Umer Aljahiz:
•First Arab zoologist of the Muslim world.
•He slaughter animal to study the internal
organ of animal.
•Hedissect thepregnant animals to find and
study theno. Of embryo &placemnetof
embryo duringtime of development.
•His book bookkitab al haiywanin very
famous in zoology.
•Book is all about animals.
•In his book he describe behavioral
characteristic of animalstheir kind, different
disease and its treatment.

25. Two kingdom
classification
Three kingdom
classification
Four kingdom
classification
Five kingdom
classification.
Earlier known
Ernest Hackel
in 1866
Copeland
(1959)
Robert
whitaker 1969

26. •Previously al known organism have been classified into two groups
1.Kingdom animalia(those organism who do nothave cell wall placed in kingdom
animalia)
2.Kingdom plantae(those organism having cell wall around cells placed in plantae)
Two kingdom classification:

28. •In previously two kingdom system.
•It was a problem about some organism who do not completely fall in plantae
anddo not completely fall in animalia.
•Because they one character of animalia and also have character of plantae,
•theyhave manyunique characters. which do not possess byother organism
of the kingdom in which they paced.
•So tosolve all above problem these organism needs a separate kingdom of
their own.
•In 1866 Ernest hackle introduced a new kingdomfor these organism.
•He introduced kindgomnamed with kingdom Protista
•Egeuglena,bacteria
Three kingdom classification:

31. •When the concept of three kingdom have become clear.
•Copeland 1959 comes frowardand presentedthe kingdom Monera.
•In three kingdom system all lower and higher protozoan were place in a single
kingdom Protista.
•But later Copeland separately placedlower protozoan in a kingdom
Monera.
•Copelandplaced single celled procaryotes in Monera and remainingsingle
celleucaryotes were kept in Protista.
Four kingdom classification:

33. •Robert Whitaker in 1969 give fivekingdom classification.
•He forwarded thefourkingdom classification nut added a fifth onenamed
kingdom fungi.
•This classification is based on two rules.
1.Cellular structure & body organization.
2.Mode of nutrition.
Five kingdom classification:

36. 1.Kingdom Monera:
•Monera includes procaryotese.g.bacteria and
cyanobacteria.
•Procaryotesare those which do nothave membrane
enclosed nucleus.

37. 2.Kingdom Protista:
•In Protistaall eukaryotic but only unicellular eucaryotic
organism areincluded.
•Yeast iseucaryoticunicellularorganism but do not
place inProtista becauseit has somefeature of animals
and some feature of plants .
•Plant feature isyeast have cell wall made up of chitin.
•But it does not have chloroplast which is the main
feature of plants.
•Most protozoa are aquatic into include protozoans and
unicellular algae only (multicellular algae included in
kingdom plantae)

39. 3.Kingdom Fungi:
•This kingdom included multicellular eukaryotic fungi.
•Fungi are Achlorophyllous(chlorophyll absent).
•Having cell wall made up of chitin
•Absorptive mode of nutrition.
•Body of these fungi called myceliummade of many threads called
hyphae.

41. 4.Kingdom plantae:
•it include multicellular,eukaryotic,photosynthetic
organism.
•These organism have cellwall made up of cellulose.
•It includes multicellular Algae, bryophytes,
pteridophytes, gymnosperm and angiosperms.

42. 5.Kingdom Animalia:
•it include multicellular,
eukaryotic ,heterotroph
,ingestion mode of
nutrition, include
vertebrate(having
central nervous system
enclosed in back bone)
& invertebrate(without
backbone except
protozoa).

43. Click to add text

44. Structure of Virus:
•Virus is non cellular obligate endoparasite.
•Noncellular means it does not having cellular organization in body.
•Obligate endoparasite means it strictly and only canlive within living
organism(host cell).
•It does not have any nucleus but do have a nuclear material that is
theDNAor RNA.
•A protein coat called capsidenclosethis nucleic acid.
•Virus only live and reproduce within hostcell.
•Due to its non-cellular structure it does notplace in any kingdom.
•Virus caused many diseases:
diseases in plant like tobacco Mosaic Disease
etc.
animals like, cold, flue, dengue, polio,
hepatitis, AIDS etc.

45. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE:
•Carolus Linnaeus was first togive system of giving name to organism
which consist of generic and specific name.
•Theadvantage of this namegiving system is thatany
organism throughout the world is having only one scientific
name.
•For exampleonion called in Urdu as 'Piyaz' in Hindi called 'Genda' and
'basal' but in scientific name it is calledAllium cepa.
•This avoid the confusion.

47. Principle of binomial nomenclature:
•There are some rules which are followed universally to write the scientific names.
•When typeda scientific name should be italic and when handwrite
soshouldunderlinedHomo sapiens.
•First wordof generic nameshould capitalized and specific name should be start
with small letter.
•When scientific name written firstfull but when repeated several timelater can
beabbreviatedHomosapienscan be abbreviated as H.sapiens.
•Sometime after generic and specie name there is name ofperson added who
discovered or name that organism.
•Mangifera indica L

48. CONSERVATION OF
BIODIVERSITY:
•Pakistan is the region which have all kind
ofgeological structures.
•Pakistan have deserts forest, landscape
,mountains, plains,hills, coastal areas
along the sea and mountain range of
Karakorum.

49. •The diversity contain diversifiedhabitat and landscape which have rich variety
of fauna and flora.
•Arid and semi-arid region covered the 80% of country and mostportion
ofbiodiversity of country is possess bytheseregions.
•In last two to threedecadesmany plants and animals species have become
threatened and endangered.
•Factors like deforestation, water logging, soil erosion,over grazing, salinity and
water logging posing a main threat to biodiversity.
•Due to loss of habitatbiodiversity losses causes aserious problem.
•To overcome this lossof endangered and threatened organism, saving and caring them called
conservation of biodiversity
“Conservation simply is the way of caring, saving the species, inhabit
on earth from dangers”.

50. Reasons to conserve
Biodiversity:

51. •If biodiversity wouldreduce at the same rate so ecosystem will be
collapsed.
•Human should conserve biodiversityfor servicesand
biologicalresources we obtained from the ecosystem.
•With moreplants and animal less chances of soil erosion , and
flooding, and soil quality, with plants improve air pollution.
•Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species can
easily survive in their habitat, if the one will not conserve biodiversity,
so food chain and ecosystem will be imbalanced

52. Thearticle from 2009“Biodiversity in Pakistan Key issues”, identied
some of the primary challenges to implement Biodiversity Action Plan
(BAP) are:
•Lack of awareness of environmental issues on the part of
decisionmakers and civil society.
•Weak governance (slow decision-making processes, inability to
conceptualize policy, and lack of distinction between public and
private interests).
•Weak capacity of government departments (lack of individual capacity
and incentives for performance).
•Lack of funding.

55. •Climate changes are not the only pressure on our environments.
Habitat loss and degradation, pollution, overexploitation, and invasive
species also play significant roles in biodiversity decline. These
pressures are because of human invading activity.

56. Deforestation-causes and its effect on
Biodiversity:
•Deforestation is cutting forest .
•Forest coves about 31% of land on our planets.
•Forest provide oxygen to us.
•Many of endangered and threatenedspecies
have been live in forest and due to
deforestation they are nearly to reduced.
•Many people rely on forest as their profession.
•Animal as well as plants of forest do beneficial
for us.

57. •Forst offer food , shelter, medicine, paper ,wood, fresh air, clothes
and many more,
•Forests play a critical role in reducing climate change because they act
as a carbon sink soaking up carbon dioxide that would otherwise be
free in the atmosphere and contribute to ongoing changes in climate
patterns.
•But man is continuously destroying the natural beautyby cutting
down these forest for the sake ofhis comfort and luxuries.
The cutting down of trees for the conversion of forest into non forest
land is known as Deforestation”.

58. Causes of deforestation:
•Deforestation is done deliberately
due to the Mining, paper making,
urbanization, timber, for making
roads and Agriculture Expansion &
Livestock breeding.
Effects of deforestation:
•The great loss in biodiversity have
been occur due to deforestation
some effect of deforestationare:
•Increase concentration of
greenhouse gases increaseglobal
warming which increase
temperature of earth which
increased rate of melting of
glaciers and increase sea level
andcause flooding.

59. Endangered and
extinct species

60. •Because due to human
activities some species
are endangered (near to
be extinct soon)
•Some have become
extinct (who do not have
a single individual in
ecosystem).