Biodiversity conservation strategies

Conservation of Biodiversity is the need of the hour. Awareness is a must for biodiversity conservation.Various strategies of conservation are included in the presentation.

1. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION STRATEGIES Presented by: Megha Varshini Gowda B. R

2. Contents Introduction Methods of studying population The IUCN categories of conservation status Convention on Biological Diversity International Agreements- CITES, CMS, IWC National laws- India, ESA Establishing new populations In situ and ex situ conservation strategies Conclusion References

3. Introduction Biodiversity - the sum total of life forms at all levels of organization in a biological system or sum total of species richness. Biodiversity is both essential for our existence and intrinsically valuable in its own right because biodiversity provides the fundamental building blocks for many goods and a healthy environment. Due to the increased population and increased greediness of human beings, biodiversity is under threat. Major reasons for the loss of biodiversity are habitat loss, over population, over exploitation and climate change. Conservation - Management of human use of biodiversity so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to the present generation while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspiration of future generations. Diversity of life = bio diversity

4. Is this your 10 years challenge? Live and let live…

5. Methods of studying populations Census : count of the number of individuals present in a population. Survey : it involves using a repeatable sampling method to estimate the number of individuals or the density of a species in an ecosystem. Demographic study : it provides data on the numbers, ages, sexes, conditions, and locations of individual within a population . Hawaiian monk seal Marsh fritillary butterfly These data indicate whether a population is stable, increasing or declining and are the basis for statistical models used to predict the future of a species. Population viability analysis : it uses mathematical and statistical methods to predict the probability that a population or species will go extinct within a certain time period. PVA also helpful in modeling the effects of habitat degradation and management efforts.

6. Extinct (EX) Extinct in wild (EW) Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Near threatened (NT) Least Concern (LC) Adequate data: Inadequate data: Evaluated: Species : Not evaluated (NE) Data Deficient (DD) Threatened Extinct Lower risk The IUCN categories of conservation status. Conservation categories

7. Red List criteria A-E Quantification of criteria for Red List category ‘‘critically endangered’’ A. Observable reduction in numbers of individuals The population has declines by 80 % or more over the last 10 years or 3 generations, either based on direct observation or inferred from factors such as levels of exploitation, threats from introduced species and disease, or habitat destruction and/or degradation B. Total geographical area occupied by the species The species has restricted range (<100 km 2 at a single location) and there is observed or predicted habitat loss, fragmentation, ecological imbalance, or heavy commercial exploitation. C. Predicted decline in number of individuals The total population size is less than 250 mature, breeding individuals and is expected to decline by 25 % or more within 3 years or 1 generation D. Number of mature individuals currently alive The population size is less than 50 mature individuals E. Probability the species will go extinct within a certain number of years or generations Extinction probability is greater than 50% within 10 years or generations Table.1: IUCN Red List Criteria for the Assignment of Conservation Categories

8. 32% 20% 14% 12% Piechart showing percentage of evaluated organism on earth threatened to extinction.

9. Convention on Biological Diversity 1992- Rio conference. Aims: To conserve biodiversity Use it sustainably Ensure fair distribution of its benefits

10. Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society. Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use.

11. Strategic Goal C : To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity. Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services  Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building

12. International Agreements Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Established in 1973 in association with UNEP Treaty has been ratified by 175 countries. CITES has developed extensive lists of species for which trade is prohibited, controlled or monitored. Global ban on the ivory trade, implemented after poaching caused severe declines in African elephant populations. Limited commercial trade in ivory has been permitted in a few African countries with healthy and expanding elephant populations. Ivory of elephant Sea horses Tiger poaching

13. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) Bonn convention signed by 116 countries, primarily focusing on bird species. India - 1983 International efforts to conserve bird species that migrate across international borders and by emphasizing regional approaches to research, management and hunting regulations. Includes protection of bats and their habitats and cetaceans in the costal zones and seas around Europe. Mobula eregoodootenkee Appendix I and II of CMS

14. International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) International whaling commission (IWC) ICRW which was signed in Washington DC on 2nd December 1946.  The IWC is the global body charged with the conservation of whales and the management of whaling. The IWC currently has 89 member governments from countries all over the world .   India joined in 9-3-1981. Purpose- proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry. Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Madagascar Necklace made of dolphin teeth, Solomon Islands

15. India has taken the following steps towards biodiversity conservation: Indian Forest Act, 1927 Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 India passed the Biological Diversity Act in the year 2002 . The act mainly addresses to genetic resources and associated knowledge by foreign individuals, institutions or companies, to ensure equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of these resources and knowledge to the country and the local communities. A National Biodiversity Authority was set up at Chennai on 1st October, 2003 as per the provision of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Biodiversity Action Plan was approved in November 2008 to enhance natural resource base and its sustainable utilization. India has recently ratified the Nagoya Protocol . The Nagoya Protocol would contribute to fair and equitable sharing of benefits accruing from utilization of genetic resources and would act as incentive to biodiversity-rich countries and their local communities to conserve and sustainable use their biodiversity. India hosted the 11th Conference of Parties (CoP-11) to the Convention on Biological Diversity . This is also the first such conference since the launch of the United Nations Decade of Biodiversity in 2011. At the CoP-11, India has launched the Hyderabad Pledge and announced that our Government will earmark a sum of US$ 50 million to strengthen the institutional mechanism for biodiversity conservation in India. India will use these funds to enhance the technical and human capabilities of our national and state-level mechanism to attain the CBD objectives.

16. Endangered Species Act ESA was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1973. To provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species depend may be considered to provide a program for the conservation of such species. Prohibits activities that harm federal lands of EN species and also prevents exploitation of listed species Endangered species are those likely to become extinct as a result of human activities and/or natural causes in all or a significant portion of their range. Threatened species are those likely to become endangered in the near future. Since 1973 more than 1300 U.S. species have been added to the list. About 20 species have been delisted. Bald Eagle Brown Pelican

17. Pampas deer Whooping Crane Establishing new populations Establishing a new population of EN species can benefit the species itself, other species and the ecosystem. It must identify and attempt to eliminate the factors that led to the original populations decline. E.g : Peregrine falcon. Restocking program : releasing individuals into existing population Reintroduction program : releasing individuals into an ecologically suitable site within their historical range where species no longer occurs. Introduction program : moving individuals to areas outside their historical range but suitable for the species. Peregrine falcon

18. In Situ Conservation Strategies

19. National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries A National Park is an area of land set aside to conserve the scenery (or environment) and natural objects and the wildlife therein. A wildlife sanctuary is dedicated to protect wildlife, but it considers the conservation of species only and also the boundary of it is not limited by state legislation. Bandipur national park Wayanad wildlife sanctuary

20. Biosphere Reserve Biosphere reserves have been described as undisturbed natural areas for scientific study as well as areas in which conditions of disturbance are under control. They have been set aside for ecological research and habitat preservation. Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which are internationally recognized within the framework of UNESCO‟s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Program launched in 1971. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Gulf of Mannar

21. Ex Situ Conservation Strategies

22. ZOOS Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Garden, Mysore. Asahiyama Zoo, Japan. Along with affiliated universities, government wildlife departments, and conservation organizations, presently maintain over 5000,000 terrestrial vertebrate individuals, representing almost 8000 species and sub species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Cross fostering, artificial incubation, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, genome resource bank(GRB)- freezing purified DNA, eggs, sperm, embryos and other tissues of species. Bongo calf-eland at Cincinnati Zoo Center for Conservation and Research Of Endangered Wildlife.

23. Aquarium Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta Approximately 600,000 individual fish are maintained in aquariums throughout the world. Play role in conservation of Whales, dolphins and other marine mammals. Planet earth aquarium Mysore

24. Royal botanical garden, Kew National botanical garden, Calcutta Botanical gardens 1775 botanical gardens in world. Royal botanical garden- 25,000 species of plants under cultivation, about 10% of worlds total 2700 - threatened species.

25. Seed bank Seeds of approximately 10% of the world’s species are stored in seed banks. More than 60 major seed banks exists in the world. Botanical gardens and research institutes have developed collection of seeds. Millennium seed bank, Kew

26. ENDANGERED SPECIES Field survey Conservation strategies EX SITU CONSERVATION IN SITU CONSERVATION Storage of sperm, eggs, tissue, seeds etc. Zoos, aquariums, botanical gardens Establishing breeding programs Protection, management, monitoring Viable wild populations Develop new products Use and sell new products Revenues fund conservation efforts Collections from the wild Reestablish populations in the wild Funds to maintain Breeding programs Funds to protect and manage species in the wild

27. Conclusion The need of the hour - Conservation of Biodiversity . Various treaties such as CITES, CMS have helped to conserve biodiversity at international level. At national level enforcement of several laws have aided the process of conservation. In situ and ex situ conservation strategies enabled the conservation of biodiversity at their habitat and also away from their habitat. Don’t forget - Live and Let Live

28. Thank you How is it possible that the most intellectual creature to ever walk the planet earth is destroying it’s only home? educe euse ecycle R

29. References Primack, R.B (2012). A primer of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, M. A: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262451500_Biodiversity_scenario_in_India https://www.cbd.int/ https://www.cbd.int/doc/strategic-plan/2011-2020/Aichitargets-EN.pdf www.iucn.org www.cites.org www.iucnredlist.org