Biodiversity of grapes

Origin and Diversity of grapes found across the Country

1. BIODIVERSITY OF GRAPES

2. STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY OF GRAPES Botanical Name:  Vitis vinefera     Family : Vitaceae INTRODUCTION The history of Grape culture is as old as that of man. grape has attained considerable importance as a cultivated plant in Southern Europe, E astern Mediterranean and North Africa.  ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION It is subtropical fruit but adapted to tropical conditions.  It is native to Armenia, a district near the Caspian Sea in Russia.It was introduced to India by the invaders of Iran and Afghanistan. India has about 54 species, 1102 varieties and 37 root stocks due to introduction from other countries .

3. Euvitis  –  referred as "True grapes" or "Bunch grapes". It has elongated clusters of fruit It possesses forked tendrils and most of the ( Vitis   vinifera ) species found in these subgenera.   Muscadinia – referred as Muscadine grapes. It has small fruit clusters, thick-skinned fruit, berries that detach one-by-one as they mature. It possesses simple tendrils. There are only 2-3 species in this section. TWO CENTERS OF ORIGIN FOR GRAPES The  American grapes , including  Vitis labrusca , other species of  Euvitis  and Muscadina originated in North America region where the largest collection of native  Vitis  species occurs.  Vitis vinifera ,   the European grape originated primarily in Caucasus region between Caspian Sea and black Sea  . Vitis vinifera   was introduced to Philippines during 1958 from California.

4. SPECIES STATUS OF GRAPES Vitis cordifolia Vitis bicolour Vitis labrusca Vitis aestivalis Vitis cinerea var baileyana Vitis riparia Vitis rupeatris Vitis aestivalis

5. Salient features of the some important species are given below Vitis riparia V . riparia  vine have been known to withstand temperatures  of up to - 57˚ C and first to flower among the  Vitis   species .   The foliage is typically resistant to mildew and black rot and the roots resist phylloxera . The berries are however, are often sensitive to mildew and black rot if the vine is exposed to prolonged wet and humid conditions . The berries are small, purple black and acidic in flavor. 

6. Vitis . riparia

7. Vitis.vinifera

8. Vitis . labrusca  : Berries are large, round and black to amber in colour. The skin is thick and slips from the pulp at maturity. It is cold hardy, blooms earlier than vinifera  and is resistant to many pests and diseases. The important cultivars are Concord, Isabella, and Rogers etc

9. Vitis.labrusca

10. Vitis aestivalis The berries are small. It blooms after  V.labrusa . It is resistant to many fungal diseases but susceptible to  Phylloxera .   It is adapted to hot climatic conditions. The American cultivars like Delaware,  Herbemont and Denoir have been developed by crossing this species with  V.vinefera . 

11. Vitis aestivalis

12. Vitis rotundifolia Muscadines are a grapevine species native to the present-day South-Eastern region. They are well adapted to their native warm and humid climate; they need fewer chilling hours ,they thrive on summer heat. Muscadine grapes are rich sources of polyphenols and other nutrients studied for their potential health benefits.

13. Vitis rotundifolia

14. Vitis . rupestris

15. Vitis lanata  : A woody deciduous species found throughout the Himalayas at alttitudes ranging from 1500-2100m MSL. The berries and roots are edible and the berries are resistant to rain damage. Intraspecific variation is abundant in this species

16. V.parviflora  : The species is grown at altitudes between 600 and 1800m MSL It has small, globose black or white coloured berries.The white berries strain has reflexed stamen (female or male sterile) and hence useful for mass breeding. This species is moderately resistant to downy and powdery mildew diseases   

17. Vitis . barbata . This species is found in North-Bengal, parts of Assam and Khasi hills of Meghalaya up to an elevation of 1200m MSL. It has edible berries and a possible source of new grape hybrids

18. Vitis tomentosa  : This species is found in peninsular India along the Western ghats . The berries are sub- globose and have 2-3 seeds. The roots are used to allay swellings and the bark is used against piles.

19. Vitis . himalayana : It has edible purplish berries with 2-4 seeds and usually ripens in late October. The species is found throughout sub-Himalayan region.   Vitis . amurensis  : It produces edible fruits and is resistant to cold and frost

20. VARIETIES OF GRAPES   INTRODUCTION Many of the varieties have been as introduction from Russia, Brazil, Nigeria, Ukrain , Japan, Uzbekistan, USA, Canada, Korea and Morocco. SEEDED VARIETIES Anab -e- shahi Bangalore blue Cheema sahebi Paccha Draksha Black Champa Champion Early muscat Gulabi Arka Kanchan Dilkush

21. SEEDLESS VARIETIES Thompson seedless Arka Vathi Pusa Seedless Perlette Delight Beauty Seedless Arka Neelamani Sarath Seedless Red Globe Arka Shweta Arka Majestic Arka Chitra WINE GRAPES Arka Soma Arka Thrishna

22. Perlette This cultivar was developed by the Univ of California,Davis by Dr.H.P.Olmo . The most striking feature is the translucency of the mature fruit. The French name Perlette means little pearl popular var of Northern and Western India. Bunch is medium to large sized long sized,long conical shouldered compact. Berry is small yellowish green .

23. Delight Sister seedling of Perlette . Early ripening habit & Characteristic mascat like flavour . It is less vigorous. The bunch is medium, compact, conical & attractive with green , small & almost round berries has good eating & shipping quality.

24. Himrod : It has done well in Pubjab , Haryana & U.P. it is a prolific bearer vigorous and heavy yielder. Excellent in quality & mid season variety which is resistant to diseases & pests. The skin is thick & rough. Bunches are attractive medium large, shouldered & well filled with yellow, green

25. Seedless varieties Beauty Seedless : medium vigour , bunches medium to large, long compact, bluish black ,, spherical,medium sized berries. It is an introduction from California(USA) and was released for cultivation from IARI,New Delhi

26. Beauty Seedless

27. Thompson Seedless : ( AustralianSeedless,Kishmish,Sultania,Bedana )Also called as Oval Kishmish in Eastern Mediterranean region and Sultana in Australia. It is a table and raisin cultivar as well as dessert. The berries are yellowish green to golden yellow when fully ripeelongated quality is excellent.

28. Flame Seedless The Flame Seedless is a vigorous, heavy-bearing table grape cultivar that keeps well in storage. It is a hybrid of Thompson, Cardinal , and several other Vitis vinifera cultivars. It produces large clusters of medium-large red grapes with a sweet flavor. The Flame Seedless was first introduced in the 1970s. It is the second-most popular grape in the United States

29. Crimson seedless The variety was released from USA , california in 1989. Vines are vigorous ,berries uniform bright red,medium bold to oblong to elliptical in shape Flavour sweet,neutral

30. Pusa Seedless : It is a selection made at IARI New Delhi. bunches large conical to cylindrical , long berries greenish white , ellipsoidal, resembles Thompson seedless with good keeping quality.

31. Sonaka seedless : Bud sport of Thompson seedless Tas -E- Ganesh:Bud sport of Thompson seedless Sonaka Seedless Tas -E- Ganesh

32. Sharad seedless : selection from beauty seedless made by grapevine growers.

33. Black seedless

34. Midnight Beauty

35. Arka Neelamani : ( Black champa X Thompson seedless ) moderately vigorous, bunches med in size,well filled, uniform & attractive. Berries are slightly elongated, dark red to black with a TSS of 22 to 24 brix .

36. Arkavathi ( Black Champa X Thompson seedless ) evolved at IIHR, Bangalore medium sized bunches (500g) well filled & long conical in shape. The medium size berries are spherical in shape, yellowish green with thin skin and 20-250 brix TSS good yield potential.

37. kishmish : ‘ Kishmish beli ’ is a variety with berries which are small sized, elongated and golden yellow. Kishmish charni is with brick red , spherical to slightly elongated, medium sized berries.

38. Red Globe It was introduced from the University of California in 1985 Berries are bold, red ,few seeded 16-18 t/ ha,export quality

39. Seeded Varieties Anab – E- Shahi – imp & popular grape var. the bunch is medium to large in size and are moderately compact. The berry is oval in shape. It is amber in colour keeping quality is good the vine bears in 20 -24 months after planting. The TSS is 12 – 16 Brix . It is a late maturing variety.

40. Bangalora Blue ( Bangalora purple) It is a natural hybrid between V.vinifera x V. lubrusca . Imp var around Bangalore used in brewer industry and also for making juice med. Vigorous, medium yield, bunches hardly shouldered, compact, berry small to medium, spherical in shape, thick skin (which easily separates from pulp) dark blackish purplish colour with uniform ripening. TSS 16-18 brix , pulp pale green. Acidity 0.8- 0.9%

41. BANGLORE BLUE

42. Pacha Draksha ( Bhokri , green grape) grown in Maharashtra & T.N. vigorous vines, heavy yield. Bunch medium to large, compact, berries green , medium size, round to slight oval seeded, soft pulp. TSS 17-18 brix . High acidity, keeping quality poor.

43. Muscat: (Muscat Hamburg, Gulabi , Karachi gulabi Black Prince,Panner ) bunches are pryamidal & pendulor berry small & medium, opening uneven, TSS 16-17% the bunches are loose to well filled with yellowish green berries which then golden yellow when over ripe .

44. Arka Shyam : Cross of Banglora blue x Black Champa evolved at IIHR, vine is moderately vigorous, bunches are medium(350g) well filled to compact, berries are medium large, shining black, Spherical with mild foxy flavour TSS 22-25 Brix , yield potential is good.

45. Arka Kanchan : cross between Anab -E- Shahi & queen of vineyards evolved at IIHR, Bangalore. The vines are vigorous each weighing 700 . The berries are large sized, golden yellow & ellipsoidal to avoid in shape. Fruits have a pleasant Muscat flavour with a TSS 19-22 brix .

46. Arka Hans : Cross between Anab –E- Shahi & Banglora blue evolved at IIHR. The vigorous vines produce with filled medium bunches each weighing 330g. Medium large size, berries are yellowish green in colour with pleasant foxy flavour . TSS 18-21 Brix .

47. Kalisahebi : It is grown in M.R. & A.P., vine is vigorous with moderate yield. Bunch is alternative well filled & medium sized. The berries are large black & elongated. It has thin skin & sweet pulp. Has good keeping quality.

48. Black Champa : It was selected from the introductions at IIHR, Bangalore. The vines are vigorous with medium yielding capacity. It is a people grape of excellent quality, bunches are small, well filled with small & medium black berries. It is susceptible to cracking & rotting during rains.

49. Dilkush :- it is a bud sport of Anab – E – Shahi producing golden yellow elongated losses in attractive bunches.

50. Concord high quality blue-black grape that is delicious for fresh eating, juice, jelly or jam. They have a tart, robust, slightly musky grape flavor, and are not nearly as sweet as many Old World grapes The skin of a Concord grape is typically dark blue or purple, and often is covered with a lighter colored "bloom" which can be rubbed off. It is a slip-skin variety, meaning that the skin is easily separated from the fruit.

51. Manjari Naveen

52. Fantasy

53. Fantasy Seedless

54. Blush Seedless

55. Autumn Seedless

56. Autumn Royal

57. COMMERCIAL VARIETIES Coloured Seeded        : Bangalore Blue, Gulabi (Muscat) Coloured seedless     : Beauty seedless and Shared Seedless White seeded            : Anab -e- shahi , Dilkhush (clone of Anab -e- Shahi ) White seedless            : Perlette , Pusa Seedless, Thompson Seedless and its clones ( Tas -A-  Ganesh , Sonaka & Manik Chaman ) Currently, Thompson Seedless is the ruling grape, occupying 55% of the area with its clones. Muscat is grown in Tamil Nadu where the rainfall is low to moderate .

58. RAISIN MAKING Thompson Seedless and its mutants viz. Sonaka , Tas -A- Ganesh , Manik Chaman are mainly used for raisin production although Arkavati grape found to be promising , NRC for Grapes, Pune have also come out with varieties viz. A 17-3 E 12/3 Mint Seedless Superior Seedless KR White Manik Chaman A 18-3 ( Coloured seedless) and Cardinal found promising for the production of raisin, but are yet to accept on commercial footing.

59. No. Situation/problem Rootstock 1. Water shortage  1103 P, 140 RU, 110 R, 420 A, SO 4, 99 R, St. George, Dogridge 2. Soil EC > 2 m mhos/cm  water EC > 1 m mhos/cm  Ramsey, Dogridge, 140 RU, 99 R, 110 R. 3. Soil ESP >15 per cent and/or water Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) > 8 140 RU, 1613, Ramsey, Dogridge 4. Free calcium content of soil is more than 12% 140 RU, SO 4, 420 A. 5. Chloride content of water is more than 4 meq/litre Ramsey, Dogridge B, 140 RU, Teleki 5-C 6 Poor vigor of the variety without any soil/water problem Dogridge, St. George, SO 4, 140 RU. 7 For increased nitrogen, potassium uptake. Dogridge, St. George, 34 EM, Ramsey 8 For increased bud break 1613, B2-56.

60. COLLECTION AND CONSERVATION Most of the grape varieties grown in India belong to the species  Vitis vinifera  and a few of them are of  V.labrusca .  A report of NBPGR, New Delhi indicated that 1850 accessions were introduced through the bureau during 1947-1991 . After the establishment of National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune in 1997 an inventory of authentic and active germplasm sites in India was made .

61. The most popular method of conserving the grape genetic material is field gene bank.   National Research centre for Grapes (NRCG) has developed an active gene bank which also serves as National active germplasm site for grapes in the country. The following is the number of accessions maintained as field gene bank at NRCG, Pune   White seeded              : 85 Accessions in the field Coloured Seeded        : 160 Accessions in the White seedless            : 44 Accessions in the filed Root stock accessions : 24 Accessions in the filed

62. S. NO. Name of the germplasm centre Project/Scheme/Jurisdiction Peak number of Accessions made in the past (Number presently available)* Accessions obtained by NRC Grapes, Pune 1. IIHR, Bangalore ICAR Institute for tropical conditions 600 (135) 35 2. Division of Fruit Crops, IARI, New Delhi ICAR Institute for subtropical conditions 400 (30) 30 3. Fruit Research Station, Ganesh Khind , Pune /MPKV, Rahuri Maharashtra 150 (Nil) Nil 4. Agharkar Research Institute, Pune AICRP (STF) on Grapes, Centre for cytological Investigations on Indigenous genera and species 150 (60) 45 5. PAU, Ludhiana and its Regional Fruit Research Station at Abohar and Bhatinda, Punjab AICRP (STF) on grapes as a coordinating for North Indian conditions 600 (70) 30 6. Regional Fruit Research Station, Sharbo, Rekong Peo, Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh Indigenous species and varieties and also introduced exotic varieties under humid temperate conditions 65 (20) 10 7. Growers' vineyards, Private wineries, Individual growers etc. (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh) Commercial varieties introduced directly by them 45 (40) 40 8. Introductions at NRCG through NBPGR, New Delhi (1997 – 2006) Through bilateral agreements, requests/purchases etc. Russia, Bulgaria, Oman, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, USA, Nigeria, Korea, Brazil, Italy 70 (68) 70

63. In vitro  conservation technique to preserve pollen of Anab -e- Shahi , Bangalore Blue, Bangalore Purple, Black Champa and Queen of Vineyard cultivars in liquid nitrogen has been attempted at IIHR, Bangalore and the stored samples recorded negligible loss of germinability even after 3-5 years of cryopreservation (Anon, 1986)

64. POPULARIZATION OF EXOTIC CULTIVARS National Research Centre in collaboration with Agricultural Produce Export Development Authority (APEDA) initiated a multilocation project under pilot scale in 8 different places, 3 in Maharashtra( Nashik , Phaltan in Satara district and Pune , 2 in Andhra Pradesh ( Rangareddy and Anantpur districts) 2 in Tamil Nadu( Theni in Cumbam Valley and Coimbatore) 1 in Karnataka(Bangalore). Under this project, cultivars viz., Crimson Seedless, Red Globe and Italia having demand in International markets are included. Recently Bred varieties like Autumn Royal, Autumn Seedless, Merquis and Blush Seedles with international market in table grapes are being introduced with financial help of National Horticulture Mission (NHM).

65. REFERENCES Anonymous.1986. Plant genetic resources research at IIHR, Bangalore, IIHR News, 7(3): 1-5. Karibasappa , G.S. 2008. Grape in India. ( Eds ) Peter, K.V. Biodiversity in Horticultural Crops. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi. Vol.2: pp. 189-201 Jindal , P.C and Room Singh,  1993.  Genetic Resources  of Grapes. In Advances in Horticulture, Vol.I – Fruit Crops Part I.  ( Eds ). Chadha , K.L  and O.P.Pareek . pp.171-188