Biodynamic agriculture hdt 1st unit 2nd chapter

Herbal Drug Technology
1st Unit, 2nd Chapter

1. BIODYNAMIC AGRICULTURE
Herbal Drug Technology
B.Pharm6
th
Sem
1
st
Unit 2
nd
Chapter
Presented by
Prof.(Dr.)KirtimayaMishra

2. Biodynamic Agriculture
Biodynamicagricultureisaformoforganicfarmingwhich
includesvariousconceptsintroducedbyRudolfsteiverin1924.
Biodynamicsisasystemoforganicagriculturewhichrecognizes
thebiologicalandchemicalvaluesofsoilandtreatssoilfertility,
plantgrowthandlivestockcareasecologicallyinterrelatedtasks.
Biodynamicfarmingisanalternativewherethechemical
fertilizersaretotallyreplacedbymicrobial(biological)nutrients
derivedfrombacteria,algae,fungianditemphasizestheuseof
manuresandcomposts.

3. Biodynamicfarmingtreatsanimal,cropsandsoilassingle
systemandfertilizerstheuseoftraditionalsystemsand
developmentofnewlocalbreedandvarieties.
Itusesvariousherbalandmineraladditivesinthemanufacture
ofcompostsandfieldsprays.Biodynamicfarmingalso
emphasizesontheuseofastronomicalsowingandmoon
plantingcalendar.
Biodynamicfarmingpromotescomposting,greenmanuring,
croprotations,intercropping,mixedcropping,etc.aswellas
employingpredators,parasites,whicharenaturalenemiesof
pests.

4. OrganicFarming
Organicfarmingiscalledas,“Productionofcropandother
productswithoutapplicationofharmfulchemicalslikesynthetic
chemicalfertilizersandpesticides,geneticallymodifiedor
transgenicspecies,orantibioticsandgrowthenhancingsteroids.”
AimbehindOrganicFarming
Productionoffoodofhighqualityinsufficientquantity.
Minimizationofallformsofpollution.
Processingofproductsusingrenewableresources.
Productionofbiodegradableorganicproducts.
Maintenanceoflongtermfertilityofsoil.
Developmentofavaluableandsustainableaquaticecosystem.

5. Effects of
organic
farming
Organic
fertilizers have
been known to
improve the
biodiversity
Organic
farming helps
to improve soil
quality and
microbial
biomass
Organic fertilizers
have lower nutrient
content and release of
nutrient is slow. So
they are effective for
long term use
Bio-fertilizers contains
microbial inoculants of
living cell of
microorganism like
bacteria, algae, fungi,
alone or combination
which increase crop
productivity
Organic farming
can act on plant
growth directly
through the
production of
phytohormones or
indirectly through
nitrogen fixation

6. Applications
Asparagusracemosusgrownthroughorganicfarmingusing
organicmanures.Cowdung,compost,andvermincompost
withoutusingmineralorchemicalfertilizersshowshigh
antioxidantactivityandincreaseinthetotalphenolandtotal
flavonoidcontent.
OrganicallygrownThymusvulgariswasfoundtocontain
highestvalueofthymol.
TreatmentofOcimumbasillicumrootswithrhizobacteriaresults
inincreasedgrowthofvolatileoil.
Organicfarmingofgeraniumresultsinincreaseinoil
percentage.
Useofpoultrymanurehassignificantlyincreasedtheherbage,
essentialoilcontentinJavacitronella.

7. PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES FOR GOOD AGRICULTURE
PRACTICE (GAP) OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
TheguidelinesdescribedforGAPareintendedtostreamlinethe
cultivationofmedicinalplantsasperthewellregulatedmethodsand
followasystematicwayincultivationprocessasitisimportantforthe
productionofgoodqualityplantmaterial.
Thevariousstagesofprocessing'sare
I.Seedsandpropagationmaterial
Theseedingmaterialsaretobeidentifiedbotanically,indicatingplant
variety,cultivaranditsorigin.
Thematerialusedshouldbe100%traceable..
Theabovesameruleappliestovegetativematerialsaswell..
Theparentmaterialofvegetativepartusedinorganicproductions
shouldbecertifiedandauthenticallyorganic.
Biodynamicagriculture:itisalsoknownasorganicfarming
technique.

8. II.Cultivation
Dependingonthemethodofcultivation(conventionalor
organic)growersshouldbeallowedtofollowdifferentstandards
operatingprocedures(SOP)forcultivation.
Careshouldbetakentoavoidenvironmentaldisturbances.
Theprinciplesofgoodcrophusbandrymustbefollowed
includingappropriaterotationofcrops.
III.Soilandfertilization
Medicinalandaromaticplantsshouldnotbegrowninsoilsthat
arecontaminatedbysludge.
Thesoilshouldalsonotbecontaminatedbyheavymetals,
pesticidalresiduesandotherunnaturalchemicals.
Theuseoffertilizersandotherchemicalproductsshouldbeas
minimumaspossibleandinaccordancewiththedemandsofthe
plant.

9. IV.Irrigation
Irrigationshouldbeminimizedasmuchaspossibleandonly
appliedaspertheneedsoftheplant.
Irrigationwatershouldbefreefromcontaminantssuchas
faeces,heavymetals,pesticides,herbicidesandotherhazardous
substances.
V.Cropmaintenance
Tillage(Preparationoflandforgrowingcrops)shouldbe
adaptedtoenablegoodplantgrowthandmustbecarriedout
wheneverrequired.
Pesticidesandherbicidesshouldbeavoidedasfaraspossible.
Theuseofpesticidesandherbicideshastobedocumented.

10. VI.Harvesting
Harvestingshouldbedonewhentheplantsareintheirbest
qualityandquantity.
Harvestingshouldbedoneinoptimumconditionsaswetsoil,
dew,rain,highhumiditycanproduceunfavorableeffects.
VII.Primaryprocessing
Itincludesstepssuchaswashing,drying,freezingetc,
Processingequipmentmustbecleanedandregularlyserviced.
Buildingsusedforprocessingshouldbeclean,aerated&
provideprotectedfortheharvestedcropfrombirds,insects,
rodentsandanimals.
Alltheprocessedmaterialshouldbeinspectedandsubstandard
productsmustbediscarded.

11. VIII.Packaging
Theproductshouldbepackedinclean,drypreferablynewsacs,bagsorcases.
Thelabelmustbeclear,permanentlyfixedandmadefromnon-toxicmaterial.
Re-usablepackagingmaterialsshouldbewellcleanedanddriedbeforeuse,
careshouldbetakenthattheydonotcausecontamination.
IX.Storageandtransport
Packageddriedmaterialsandessentialoilsshouldbestoredinadry,well
aeratedbuildinginwhichtemp.Fluctuationsarecontrolledandgoodaerationis
provided.
Freshproductsshouldbestoredbetween1to5‘C,whilefrozenproducts
shouldbestoredbelow-18’Corbelow-20’Cforlongtermstorage.
Essentialoilsshouldbestoredasperthechemicalstoragestandards.
Duringtransportation,sufficientlyaeratedvehiclesshouldbeused.
Nationalregulationsontransporthavetobefollowed.

12. X.Staffrequirements
Personnelinvolvedinthegoodagriculturalpractice(GAP)
shouldreceiveadequatetrainingandeducationrelatedtothe
natureoftheworkbeingcarriedout.
Thestaffswhoworkwiththeplantmaterialmusthaveahigh
degreeofpersonalhygiene.
Staffwithinfectiousdiseasesshouldnotbeallowedintothe
roomsinwhichtheycancomeintocontactwithplantmaterial.
XI.Documentation
Allthepropagationmaterialandstepsintheproductionprocess
mustbedocumented.
Allthestartingmaterials,Processingstepsincludinglocationof
cultivationhavetobedocumented.
Allagreementsbetweenproducerandbuyershouldbefixedina
writtenform.

13. XII.Qualityassurance
Inordertoensureagoodqualityoftheproducedcrudedrug,it
isextremelyadvisabletoeducateallpersonneldealingwiththe
cropatvariousstages.
Consultationandfeedbackshouldbetakenfrombuyersof
medicinalandaromaticplantsregardingthequality&other
propertiesofplantmaterialandanagreementhavetobemade.

14. PEST AND PEST MANAGEMENT IN
MEDICINAL PLANTS
Pestisanundesiredanimalorplantwhichcause:lossof
cultivatedplants.
•They cause depletion and
shortage of nutrients, water,
light, space to the cultivated
plants. Eg., Parthenium,
Ragweed, Medicantea etc.
•Vertebrates:Animals like
monkeys, Rates, Rabbits, Birds,
Pigs etc.
•Invertebrates:Animals like
Crabs, Snails, Mites, Nematodes
etc.
•Insects such as flea
beetle, flies, moth,
cutworms,
grasshoppers, spiders,
termites, etc.
•Eg., Ascochytaatropae
causes necrosis of leaf.
Cercosporaatropae
produces leaf spot
disease.
Fungi
&
Virus
Insects
Weeds
Non
insect
pests

15. METHODS OF PEST CONTROL
Differenttechniquesarefollowedtoachievepestcontroleffectively.
Methods
Mechanical
Agricultural
Biological
Chemical

16. I.Mechanicalmethod
Itincludesimpletechniqueslikehandpicking,pruning,burning,using
ofpesttraps,collectionanddestructionofeggs,larvaeandinsects.
Constructionofconcretewarehousestoprotectfromrodentsand
animals.Ratsandmousetrapsarealsoused.
II.Agriculturalmethod
Itincludesvariousmethodssuchascroprotation,intercropping,
integratedweedmanagementmethods,solarisation,etc.Productionof
pestandinsectresistantplantsthroughgeneticengineeringtechnique
isanotherapproach.
III.Biologicalmethod
Thismethodinvolvescombatingofpestswithotherlivingorganisms
suchasemploymentofcatstocombatratsandsquirrels,employment
ofbirdstocombatinsects.Somechemicalsubstancesproducedby
femaleinsetssuchassexattractants,whichcanbeusedtoluremale
insectsandpreventreproduction.

17. IV.Chemical method
Pestsarecontrolledusingchemicalpesticideswhichinclude
insecticides,fungicides,herbicides,rodenticides.Howeverthese
chemicalsubstancesarehighlytoxictohumanbeings.Improper
useofthesechemicalpesticidesmayleadtotoxiceffectson
humanandanimals.
Examples
Rodenticides:Arsenictrioxide.
Insecticides:Malathion,Parathion,Methoxychlor.
Miticides:Tetradifon,Chlorobenzolate.
Fungicides:Chlorophenols,Quaternaryammoniumcompounds,
etc.
Herbicides:2,4Dichlorophenoxyaceticacid,calciumarsenate.

18. BIO-PESTICIDES/BIO-INSECTICIDES FOR
PEST MANAGEMENT
Thesepesticidesareobtainedfromnaturalsourceslike
microorganisms,plants,animals,insects&certainminerals.
Bio-pesticidesaretypicallymicrobialbiologicalpestcontrolthat
areappliedinamannersimilartochemicalpesticides.
Availableindifferentformulations.
Alsousedtocontrolsoilborneandseedbornefungalpathogens.
Disadvantagesofthemare,highspecificityslowspeedofaction
andtheirrequirementofsuitableconditionfortheirsurvival.
Eventhough,biopesticidesarebestforcontrollingthepestsof
agriculturethenthechemicals.
Therefore,thereshouldbemoreworksonproductionon
biopesticidesandencouragepeopletousebiopesticidesto
controlthepests.

19. Bio-pesticideisaformulationmadefromnaturallyoccurringsubstances
thatcontrolspestsbynon-toxicmechanismsandinecofriendlymanner.
Bio-pesticidesmaybederivedfromanimals(e.g.nematodes),Plants
(Chrysanthemum,Azadirachta)andmicro-organisms(e.g.Bacillus
thuringiensis,Trichoderma,nucleopolyhedrosisvirus),andinclude
livingorganisms(naturalenemies)etc.
However,bio-pesticidesaregenerallylesstoxictotheuserandarenon-
targetorganisms,makingthemdesirableandsustainabletoolsfor
diseasemanagement.
Advantagesofbiopesticideoverchemicalpesticides
Theyarenon-toxictoplantsaswellashumans.
Theyarebiodegradable&donotleaveanytoxicresidues.
Theyarelessexpensiveandcanbegrownalongwiththecultivated
medicinalplants.
Theyareecofriendlyanddonotaffectsoilfertility.
Theyaresafetohandleanduse.

20. Types of Bio-pesticides
A.Microbial Pesticides
B.Biochemical pesticides
C.Plant-incorporated-protectants(PIPs)
A. Microbial Pesticides
Theyconsistofmicroorganisms,microbialpesticidecancontrol
differentkindsofpestandrelativelyspecificforitstargetpest.Itis
reportedthatsomefungiareusedtocontrolweedsandinsects.
B.Biochemicalpesticide
Thesearenaturallyoccurringchemicalsubstanceswhichare
obtainedfrominsectsandanimalswhichhavetheabilitytocontrol
thepestsbynontoxicmechanism.Theseincludesubstanceslike
insectsexpheromones.
C.Plantpesticides
Variousplantarereportedtoposespesticidalandinsecticidal
properties.theycanbegrownalongwithcultivatedplantstocombat
insectsandcanbeusedinpowderedformortheconstituentscanbe
extractedfromthemandusedtosprayonthecrops.ex.Neem,
tobacco,pyrethrum,derris,ryania.