BIOLOGY-AND-EARTH-SCIENCE-LECTURE .pptx

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1. BIOLOGY & EARTH SCIENCE

2. C:\Users\acer\Documents\Quick Eye Exam - Mind Games (1).mp4

3. SCIENCE Science – study of physical and natural world phenomena , especially by using systematic observation and experiment. Pure Science – knowledge acquired when scientific research is conducted. Applied Science – scientific knowledge when used for practical purposes otherwise known as technology.

4. SCIENTIFIC METHOD Scientific Method – involves the steps to find answers to problems involving scientific events in a more logical way. Steps: Identifying a problem Formulating hypothesis Experimentation Gathering/ Interpretation of Data Conclusion

5. SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE Curiosity - A scientist shows interest and pays particular attentions to objects or events. Critical mindedness - A scientist bases suggestions and conclusions on evidences. Open – mindedness - A scientist listens to and respects the ideas of others.

6. Intellectual Honesty - A scientist gives a truthful report of observations. Risk taking - A scientist expresses his opinions and tries new ideas even at the risk of failure or criticism. Responsibility - A scientist actively participates in a task and also dutifully performs tasks assigned to him. SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE

7. BRANCHES OF SCIENCE Physical Sciences – investigate the nature and behavior of matter and energy on a vast range of size and scale. Life Sciences – scientific study of living organisms.

8. Study of relationship of plants and animals to their physical and biological environment. Study of the origin and the development of organisms. ECOLOGY EVOLUTION BRANCHES OF SCIENCE BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

9. The science of matter and the changes it undergoes. The science of energy and matter and how they relate to each other. CHEMISTRY PHYSICS BRANCHES OF SCIENCE BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

10. Study of microscopic organisms and their interactions with other living things. Study of the structure and composition of Earth. MICROBIOLOGY GEOLOGY BRANCHES OF SCIENCE BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

11. The study of fossils and pre historic life. Study of the atmosphere which explains and forecasts weather events. PALEONTOLOGY METEOROLOGY BRANCHES OF SCIENCE BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

12. S tudy of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior . Studies the universe beyond Earth, including its formation and development. ZOOLOGY ASTRONOMY BRANCHES OF SCIENCE BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

13. Studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks. Study of genes and heredity. PETROLOGY GENETICS BRANCHES OF SCIENCE BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

14. The science of plant life. Science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. BOTANY TAXONOMY BRANCHES OF SCIENCE BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

15. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS Growth & Development Growth – process of becoming larger and more mature through natural development. Development - process in which something transform into a different stage or improves.

16. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS 2. Movement - ability of changing location or position. 3. Organization - parts of living things are arranged in a particular way. 4. Reproduction - ability to produce an offspring.

17. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS 5. Adaptation and Evolution Adaptation - the process or state of changing to fit a new environment or different conditions, or the resulting change. Evolution - the theoretical processes by which all species develop from earlier forms of life.

18. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS 6. Homeostasis - a state of equilibrium or a tendency to reach equilibrium. 7. Metabolism - the series of processes by which food is converted into the energy and products needed to sustain life.

19. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS Anabolism - a metabolic process in which energy is used to make compounds and tissues from simple molecules. Catabolism - the production of energy through the conversion of complex molecules into simpler ones.

20. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS 8. Irritability - ability to respond to a stimulus. Tropism - the involuntary response of an organism or one of its parts toward or away from a stimulus such as heat or light. Positive - towards the stimulus. Negative - away from the stimulus.

21. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS Geotropism - plant growth or movement in response to gravity. Phototropism - the tendency of an organism to grow toward or away from a source of light. Thigmotropism - a directional growth movement tropism of a plant part, especially a tendril, in response to physical contact with a surface.

22. ABIOGENESIS

23. ABIOGENESIS

24. ABIOGENESIS

25. CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE Robert Hooke – observed mass of tiny cavities from slices of cork with his self-made microscope. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – discovered protozoa, red blood cells, capillary systems and the life cycle of insects. Robert Brown – observed plant cells with distinct central part (nucleus).

26. CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE Matthias Schleiden – concluded that plants are composed of cells and formulated the plant cell theory. Theodore Schwann – concluded that animals are composed of cells and formulated the animal cell theory.

27. CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE Rudolf Virchow – concluded that all cells must come only from pre-existing cells. Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska – built the first transmission electron microscope. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA.

28. CELL Prokaryotic No nucleus, no membrane – bound organelles Found only in bacteria Eukaryotic has nucleus and membrane – bound organelles Found only in plants, animals, fungi and other life forms.

29. ANIMAL CELL

30. CELL MEMBRANE

31. PLANT CELL

32. CELL CYCLE Interphase G 1 – primary growth of the cell. S-phase – DNA duplication G 2 – preparation for cell division.

33. CELL CYCLE 2. M – phase Mitosis – somatic cells or autosomes Meiosis – sex cells or gametes 3. Cytokinesis

34. CELL CYCLE

35. MITOSIS 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase C A S O

36. MITOSIS 1. Prophase C oiling of the chromosomes Nuclear envelope disappears Mitotic spindle appears

37. MITOSIS 2 . Metaphase A lignment of sister chromatids along the equator.

38. MITOSIS 3. Anaphase S eparation of sister chromatids towards the poles.

39. MITOSIS 4 . Telophase O pposite of Prophase Nuclear envelope appears Mitotic spindle disappears

40. MITOSIS 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase C A S O oiling of chromosomes. lignment of sister chromatids along the equator. eparation of sister chromatids towards the opposite pole. pposite of prophase.

41. CYTOKINESIS Cleavage furrow Cell plate

42. MEIOSIS Meiosis I Reductional Division Meiosis II Equational Division

43. MEIOSIS I Prophase I Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene Diplotene Diakinesis

44. MEIOSIS I Leptotene Appearance of bead shaped structure called chromomeres .

45. MEIOSIS I b. Zygotene Pairing of homologous chromosomes called synapsis .

46. MEIOSIS I c. Pachytene Exchange of genetic material called crossing over.

47. MEIOSIS I d . Diplotene Unpairing of homologous chromosomes called disynapsis .

48. MEIOSIS I e . Diakinesis Coiling of the chromosomes Nuclear envelope disappears Meiotic spindle appears

49. MEIOSIS I Metaphase I Alignment of homologous chromosomes along the equator.

50. MEIOSIS I Anaphase I Separation of homologous chromosomes towards the poles.

51. MEIOSIS I Telophase I Opposite of Diakinesis in Prophase I

52. MEIOSIS II Prophase II Nuclear envelope disappears Meiotic spindle appears

53. MEIOSIS II Metaphase II Alignment of sister chromatids along the equator.

54. MEIOSIS II Anaphase II Separation of sister chromatids towards the pole.

55. MEIOSIS II Telophase II Nuclear envelope appears Meiotic spindle disappears

56. GAMETOGENESIS

57. MITOSIS vs. MEIOSIS   Mitosis Meiosis Number of Division 1 2 Cells Produced 2, Diploid 4, Haploid

58. MITOSIS C:\Users\acer\Documents\Mitotic Cell division.3gp

59. MEIOSIS C:\Users\acer\Documents\Meiosis.3gp

60. CELLULAR TRANSPORT Passive Transport Higher to lower concentration No expenditure of energy. Active Transport Lower to higher concentration Has an expenditure of energy .

61. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glycolysis – glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Kreb’s Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle – pyruvic acid is further broken down through series of steps of biochemical respiration in the presence of oxygen. Electron Transport Chain – where most ATP is produced during biochemical respiration.

62. FERMENTATION Lactic Acid Fermentation breakdown of glucose in muscle cells when oxygen is not present. 2. Ethanol Fermentation pyruvic acid is broken down to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide through the help of yeast enzyme.

63. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light – D ependent Reaction Occurs in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. Capturing of light energy to form ATP, NADPH and oxygen as waste product.

64. CHLOROPLAST

65. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2. Light – I ndependent Reaction or C alvin Cycle Occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts. Uses carbon dioxide together with the products of light reaction to form glucose.

66. TISSUES Types: Connective Tissues – connect and support the body parts Ligament, tendon, adipose Epithelial Tissues – cover the internal and external body surfaces and help protect them. Muscle Tissues Nerve Tissues – consist of nerve cells called neurons.

67. ORGAN SYSTEMS INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Functions: Protection Excretion Temperature Control Sensation Secretion

68. SKIN

69. ORGAN SYSTEMS SKELETAL SYSTEM Functions: Support and protection Muscle attachment Production of blood cells Storage of minerals

70. ORGAN SYSTEMS Divisions of Skeleton: Appendicular – 126 bones Upper Extremeties Lower Extremeties Axial – 80 bones Cranial bones Facial bones Hyoid bone Torso or trunk

71. DIVISIONS OF SKELETON

72. Collarbone Clavicle SKELETAL SYSTEM Breastbone Shin Shoulder blade Knee Cap Calf F unny bone Tibia Fibula Ulna Sternum Patella Scapula

73. ORGAN SYSTEMS MUSCULAR SYSTEM Functions: Skeletal movements Heat Generation

74. TYPES OF MUSCLES

75. Articulation or Joint is a place of union or junction between two or more bones, regardless of the degree of movement by this union. ARTICULAR SYSTEM

76. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Ball and socket shoulder and hips Hinge elbow, knee, ankle, phalanges Pivot joint between atlas (C1) and axis (C2) vertebra

77. SYNOVIAL JOINTS 4. Condyloid wrist and metacarpophalangeal joint 5. Saddle thumb joint 6. Gliding vertebrae

78. Functions: 1. It is the body’s control center and communication network. 2. It allows transmission and interpretation of stimuli. 3. It shares maintenance of homeostasis. NERVOUS SYSTEM

79. Divisions: Central Nervous System Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Cranial nerves and Spinal Nerves NERVOUS SYSTEM

80. PARTS OF THE BRAIN 1. Cerebrum Largest part and makes up the bulk of the brain. Lobes: Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital

81. PARTS OF THE BRAIN 2. Cerebellum second largest portion of the brain and it is shaped somewhat like a butterfly. It functions as a reflex center in coordinating complex skeletal muscular movements, maintaining body posture and keeping the body balanced .

82. PARTS OF THE BRAIN 3. Brain Stem Located in the lower part of the brain. It connects the brain to the spinal cord. It is very delicate area of the brain because damage to even small areas could result in death.

83. Functions: Deliver nutrients and oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

84. Heart Pumping organ 4 chambers 2 atriums 2 ventricles 4 valves 2 semilunar valves 2 atrioventricular valves CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

85. HEART

86. BLOOD VESSELS

87. Functions: Hormonal control of body function. Maintains the body’s internal environment through homeostasis. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

88. 28Hypothalamus – control the secretion of hormones; releasing hormones Pituitary gland : Anterior – Growth hormone, ACTH, MSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin Posterior – ADH, oxytocin ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

89. Thyroid gland – thyroxine , triiodothyronine , calcitonin Parathyroid gland – parathormone Pancreas – glucagon, insulin 30Pineal gland – melatonin Thymus – thymosine ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

90. Adrenal Glands Adrenal Medulla – epinephrine, norepinephrine Adrenal Cortex - glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens Ovaries – estrogen, progesterone Testes – testosterone ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

91. Functions: Defense against infection and tissue damage. Collection and return of fluids in tissues. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

92. Spleen – filters blood, production of phagocytic lymphocytes Thymus – production of white blood cells such as T lymphocytes. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

93. Functions: Supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide to and from the cells. Regulation of acid-base balance. Speech production. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

94. Respiration: 3 processes: Ventilation (breathing) External Respiration Internal Respiration RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

95. Functions: Digestion of food Absorption of digested nutrients Homeostatic regulation of minerals Elimination of digested food residues DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

96. Gastrointestinal Tract: Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

97. Accessory Organs: Teeth Tongue Salivary Glands Liver Pancreas Gall Bladder DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

98. Functions: Maintains volume and solute concentration of internal fluids Excretes excess fluids and solutes Vitamin D production Regulate erythrocyte concentration URINARY SYSTEM

99. Functions: Male: produces and transfers sperm to female Female: produces egg; after fertilization affords a protected, nutritive environment for developing organism. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

100. Asexual Reproduction – does not require the union of gametes. Plants Vegetative Propagation Specialized plant structures A SEXUAL vs. SEXUAL

101. MODIFIED STEMS Stolons or runners - creeping are soft stems that grow horizontally on the ground. Ex. Strawberry, kangkong Rhizomes - stems are long and fleshy and grow parallel to the ground. Ex. Ginger

102. MODIFIED STEMS Tubers - short and enlarged underground stem. Ex. Potato Bulbs – short, teardrop – shaped underground stems surrounded by scaly leaves; stores food in leaves. Ex. Onion Corms - shortened, thickened, underground stem which stored food; lack scaly leaves Ex. Gabi or taro

103. Animals Binary fission – splitting into two genetically identical cells of equal size. (Bacteria, Amoeba & Paramecium, flatworms) Budding – protrusion or bud is produced. (Yeast cells, hydra) Fragmentation & Regeneration – breaking of body parts. (Star fish) A SEXUAL vs. SEXUAL

104. Sexual Reproduction – involves the union of gametes from two different parents of the same species . Plants Pollination - pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the flower. A SEXUAL vs. SEXUAL

105. Accessory Parts - not involved in reproduction Petals - colored part, collectively termed as corolla Sepals - green, leaf-like structure below the corolla, collectively termed as calyx A SEXUAL vs. SEXUAL

106. Essential Parts - involved in reproduction 1. Stamen - male part Anther- holds the pollen grains Filament- special structure which supports the anther 2. Pistil - female part Stigma - sticky opening where the pollen grain is dropped A SEXUAL vs. SEXUAL

107. Style - tube which connects the stigma and ovary Ovary - the enlarged base which holds the ovules. * Ripened ovaries form the fruits while mature ovules become seeds. A SEXUAL vs. SEXUAL

108. Animals Stages of Embryological Development: 1. Gamete Formation 2. Fertilization – fallopian tube 3. Zygote – fertilized egg 4. Cleavage 5. Morula – 16 to 32 cells 6. Blastula 7. Embryo – first to eight week after fertilization 8. Fetus – eight week until term A SEXUAL vs. SEXUAL

109. Metamorphosis - change in form and appearance of animals from egg to adult. A SEXUAL vs. SEXUAL Complete Metamorphosis Incomplete Metamorphosis pass through 4 stages (egg, larva, pupa, adult) butterfly, mosquito, frog only 3 stages (egg, nymph, adult) cockroach

110. Oviparous – egg laying; animals lays eggs that develop and hatch outside the mother’s body. Viviparous – animals bear live young that have develop inside the mother’s body. OVIPAROUS vs. VIVIPAROUS

111. MONOCOT vs. DICOT Monocot – one cotyledon Dicot - two cotyledons has parallel leaf venation has fibrous root system flowers are usually in multiples of 3 scattered bundles of vascular tissue has netted/ reticulated leaf venation has tap root system flowers are usually in multiples of 4 or 5 bundles of vascular tissue arranged in a ring

112. MONOCOT vs. DICOT

113. Taxonomy – assignment of scientific names to organisms. Binomial Nomenclature – a scientific name is made of the genus and species epithet. Example: Homo sapiens Linn. Homo sapiens TAXONOMY

114.   A. Domain Prokarya Kingdom Monera – unicellular, autotrophic and heterotrophic, peptidoglycan cell wall B. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista – unicellular, autotrophic and heterotrophic, polyphyletic (multiple ancestral sources) 2 DOMAINS

115. Kingdom Fungi – multicellular heterotrophs , chitin made cell wall, saprophytic Kingdom Plantae – multicellular autotrophs Kingdom Animalia – multicellular heterotrophs , no cell wall 2 DOMAINS

116.  1. Phylum Porifera - have pores or holes in their bodies. (sponges) 2. Phylum Cnidaria - stinging animals, have nematocysts to paralyze prey and collect food. (Jellyfish) 3. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms (tapeworms & blood flukes – harmful; planaria – harmless) ANIMAL PHYLA

117.   4. Phylum Nematoda - unsegmented round worms. (Ascaris& hookworms) 5. Phylum Annelida - segmented roundworms. (Earthworms) 6. Phylum Mollusca - soft – bodied animals with or without hard protective shells. (squids, octopus, clams, oyster) ANIMAL PHYLA

118.   7. Phylum Echinodermata - spiny-skinned animals. (sea urchin, star fish) 8. Phylum Arthropoda - jointed-bodied animals. (Insects) 9. Phylum Chordata - presence of notochord, skull and backbone. (Vertebrates) ANIMAL PHYLA

119. Earth science generally recognizes four spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. EARTH SCIENCE

120. LAYERS OF EARTH

121. ATMOSPHERE

122. Soil Erosion - process of wearing away of rocks and soil because of the action of some agents, such as wind, water, gravity, animals and people. EARTH SCIENCE

123. Weathering - process of breaking down rocks. Chemical weathering - involves the reaction of substances, such as an acid, to the minerals that make up the rock. Mechanical weathering - occurs when agents such as animals, plants, water, wind and people break rocks physically into pieces. EARTH SCIENCE

124. Types of Rocks: 1. Igneous Rocks - describes rock formed under conditions of intense heat or produced by the solidification of volcanic magma on or below the Earth's surface, e.g. basalt, obsidia , granite EARTH SCIENCE

125. 2. Sedimentary Rocks - describes rocks formed from material deposited as sediment by water, wind, or ice and then consolidated by pressure, e.g. sandstone, limestone, gypsum 3. Metamorphic Rocks - involving a change in appearance and form, e.g. marble, gneiss, slate EARTH SCIENCE

126. EQUINOX vs. SOLSTICE

127. SPRING vs. NEAP TIDE

128. Type 1  – Two pronounced seasons: Dry from November to April, Wet rest of the year. Type 2  – No dry season, but with heavier rainfall from November to January. Type 3  – Seasons are not very pronounced, relatively dry from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year. Type 4  – Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. CLIMATE TYPES

129. As of 2014, PAGASA used to classify tropical cyclones into three categories: Tropical Depression - maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 30 to 60 kph Tropical Storm - maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 61 to 117 kph Typhoon - maximum 10-minute sustained winds of more than 118 kph However, by 2015, the weather bureau will adopt a new category  super typhoon  for tropical cyclones which pack more than 220 kph 10-minute sustained winds. TROPICAL CYCLONES

130. A   geyser is a spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by steam. Basin  - a region of land where water from rain or snowmelt drains downhill into another body of water, such as a river, lake, or dam. Spring  - a point where groundwater flows out of the ground. Groundwater  is the water located beneath the earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations.