Biomedical waste generation and management.ppt

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1. BIO MEDICAL WASTE :
GENERATION AND
MANAGEMENT.
•

2. Introduction.
waste that visually appears to be of
medical or laboratory origin (e.g.,
packaging, unused bandages,
infusion kits, etc.), as well research
laboratory waste containing
biomolecules or organisms that are
restricted from environmental
release. As detailed below, discarded
sharpsare considered biomedical
waste whether they are
contaminated or not, due to the

3. Biomedical waste may be solid or liquid. Examples of infectious waste include discarded blood, sharps,
unwanted microbiological culturesand stocks, identifiable body parts (including those as a result of
amputation), other human or animal tissue, used bandagesand dressings, discarded gloves, other medical
supplies that may have been in contact with blood and body fluids, and laboratory waste that exhibits the
characteristics described above. Waste sharps include potentially contaminated used (and unused
discarded) needles, scalpels, lancets and other devices capable of penetrating skin.

4. Sources OF BIO MEDICAL WASTES :
Wherever there are people, there is medical waste. It is generated in small
quantities in many locations . Biomedical waste is distinct from normal trash
or general waste, and differs from other types of hazardous waste, such as
chemical, radioactive, universal or industrial waste. Medical facilities generate
waste hazardous chemicalsand radioactivematerials. While such wastes are
normally not infectious, they require proper disposal.
Hospitals produce waste, which is increasing over the years in its amount and
type. The hospital waste, in addition to the risk for patients and personnel
who handle them also poses a threat to public health and environment .
Some wastes are considered multi hazardous,such as tissue samples
preserved in formalin. These include:

5. Major Sources
Govt. hospitals/private hospitals/nursing homes/ dispensaries.
Primary health centres.
Medical colleges and research centres/ paramedic services.
Veterinary colleges and animal research centres.
Blood banks/mortuaries/autopsy centres.
Biotechnology institutions.
Production units.

6. Physicians/ dentists’ clinics
Animal houses/slaughter houses.
Blood donation camps.
Vaccination centres.
Acupuncturists/psychiatric clinics/cosmetic piercing.
Funeral services.
Institutions for disabled persons

7. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE

8. It is very difficult to identify and segregate each article of
medical waste from the solid wastes.
Therefore, the medical waste is categorised into different
groups which are easy to dispose.
As per Bio-Medical Waste Rules 1998, the bio-medical waste
has been grouped in 10 different groups.

10. 1. HUMAN ANATOMICAL WASTE :
All human anatomical wastesand all wastes that are human
tissues, organs, or body parts removed by trauma, during
surgery, autopsy, birth, research studies, or another hospital
procedure, and which are intended for disposal.

11. 2. ANIMAL WASTE :
•Animal waste includes animal excreta, discarded products,
bedding, wash waters, waste feed, and silage drainage.
•Animal waste also includes the compost products resulting from
the composting of dead animals in operations.

12. 3. MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY WASTE :
Wastes from laboratory cultures, specimens of microorganisms, live
or attenuated vaccines, human and animal cell culture used in
research and infectious agents from research and industrial
laboratories, wastes from production of biological, toxins, dishes and
devices used for transfer of cultures.

13. 4. DISCARDED MEDICINES AND CYTOTOXIC DRUGS :
Wastes comprising of outdated or expired, contaminated and
discarded medicines are under this category.

14. 5. SOILED WASTE :
Items contaminated with body fluids including cotton, dressings,
soiled plaster casts, lines, bedding and other materials
contaminated with blood are termed as soiled waste.

15. 6. SOLID WASTE :
Wastes generated from disposable items other than the waste sharps are
included in this type.
Examples-Tubings, catheters, intravenous sets, etc.
Tubings Catheters
Intravenous sets

16. 7. LIQUID WASTE :
Waste generated from laboratory and washing, cleaning, housekeeping and
disinfecting activities are classified as liquid waste.

17. 8. INCINERATION ASH :
Ash from incineration of any bio-medical waste.

18. 9. CHEMICAL WASTE :
Chemicals used in disinfection.
Examples–insecticides, pesticides, etc.

19. Generation of bio-medical waste depends on:
Number, kind and size of the departments in the health care facility {i.e
Hospitals}.
number of beds/patients admitted.
types of specialties of the hospital.
reusable items employed in delivering health care services.
level of instrumentation.

20. Medical waste segregation system adopted.
Local legislations.
Established waste management system.
For development of a proper waste management system,
reliable data of generation of bio-medical data should be
available.
In India only few medical facilities have carried out proper
quantification of waste generated.

21. SR NO. COUNTRY GENERATION
RATES(KG/BED/DAY)
1. INDIA 0.25-2.31
2. JORDAN 1.9-3.5
3. TURKEY 0.63-2.11
4. IRAN 0.4-1.91
5. GREECE 0.58-1.4
6. EGYPT 0.23-2.07
7. USA 4.5
8. NETHERLANDS 2.7
9. FRANCE 2.5
10. BANGLADESH 0.25

22. Generally developed countries have a generation rate of 1-5
kg/bed/day while that of the developing countries is around 1-2
kg/bed/day.
The table shows the average bio-medical generation rate based
on the available literature.
The approximate number of beds in health care sector in india is
710761 as per the national health profile of india 2018.
If we consider the minimum generation rate of 0.25 kg/bed/day,
then the total estimated quantity of bio-medical waste would be
710761 * 0.25 = 199013 kg or approximately 199 tons/day.

23. This is the quantity generated by only govt. sector, quantity generated
by private hospital has to be added which would further increase the total
quantity of the waste generated.
As per CPCB data about 3 million tonnes of bio-medical waste is
generated per year in India with a growth rate of 8% per year.

24. MANAGEMENT OF BIOMEDICAL
WASTE

25. Bio medical waste is potentially hazardous, the main hazards being infection, and may
pose a serious threat to human health if its management is indiscriminate and
unscientific.
Main functional elements are :
1)Segregation and Storage.
2)Transportation to the treatment facilities.
3) Treatment.

26. 1) SEGREGATION AND STORAGE :
This stage is the very crucial to the whole management process, because it
is the stage that wastes are segregated as infectious and non-infectious,
thus minimizing the risk to the staff and public as well as resources used for
the treatment purpose.
Segregation of the waste allows special attention to be given to the
relatively small quantities of wastes.
Segregation starts mainly with doctors and nurses.
The containers for storing segregated wastes should be clearly identifiable.
The best system is used coloured plastic bags/containers.

27. COLOUR CODING. TYPES OF CONTAINERS. WASTE CATEGORY. TREATMENT OPTIONS.
YELLOW Plastic bag All dressings, bandages ,
blood bags, human
anatomical wastes,
Animal wastes , etc..
Incineration.
RED Disinfected container
/plastic bag
Syringes (without
needles) , soiled gloves ,
IV tubes etc..
Autoclaving/microwaving
/chemical treatment.

28. COLOUR CODING. TYPES OF CONTAINERS. WASTE CATEGORY. TREATMENT OPTIONS.
BLUE Cardboard box/
Plastic bags.
Glass vials , ampules ,
Other glass ware..
Autoclaving/microwaving
/chemical treatments and
shredding.
WHITE Puncture proof
containers(PPC).
Needles , sharps , blades
etc…
Autoclaving/microwaving
/chemical treatments and
shredding.
BLACK Plastics bags Stationary, vegetable,
fruits peels, disposable
shoes covers, tea cups,
dust etc…
Disposable secured
landfill.

29. Plastics bags for storing the waste may be suspended inside a frame or to be
placed inside a sturdy containers.
A lid should be provided to the cover the opening of the bag at the top.
Bio –medical waste should not be stored for more than 48 hours.

30. Bio hazards symbols
Cytotoxic hazard
symbol.

32. 2) TRANSPORTATION OF THE BIOMEDICAL WASTE:
The biomedical waste should never be transported with general municipal
wastes, and these should be kept separate at all the stages.
The transport containers should be properly enclosed.
The effects of traffic accidents should be considered in the design, and the
driver must be trained in the procedures he should follow if there is an
accidental spillage.
The interior of the body of the vehicle should be thoroughly washed
whenever there is a spillage within the vehicle.

33. 3)TREATMENT IF BIOMEDICAL WASTE :
There are 5 broad categories of treatment technologies which can be used
for treating bio medical waste.
1. Mechanical processes.
2.Thermal processes.
3.Chemical processes.
4.Irradiation processes.
5.Biological processes.

34. 1. MECHANICAL PROCESSES.
These processes are used to change the physical form or characteristics of the
waste either to facilitate waste handling or to process the waste in
conjunction with other treatment steps.
The two primary mechanical processes are
Compaction-used to reduce the volume of the waste
Shredding-used to destroy plastic and paper waste to prevent their reuse.
Only the disinfected waste can be used in a shredder.

35. 2. THERMAL PROCESSES.
These processes utilise heat to disinfect. Depending on the temperature they
operate, it is been grouped into two categories, which are Low-heat systems
and High-heat systems
Low-heat systems(operates between 93 -177
o
C) use steam, hot water, or
electromagnetic radiation to heat and decontaminate the waste. Autoclave &
Microwave are low heat systems.
High-heat systemsemploy combustion and high temperature plasma to
decontaminate and destroy the waste.Incinerator & Hydroclavingare high
heat systems. Temperature ranging is from as low as 600⁰C to as high as
5500⁰C.

36. (1)Autoclaving :
Autoclavingis a low heat thermal process and it uses steam for disinfection of waste. Autoclaves are of
two types depending on the method they use for removal of air pockets. They are gravity flow autoclave
and vacuum autoclave.
The 3 basic type of steam autoclaving systems are:
→Gravity type autoclaves.
→Pre vacuum type autoclaves.
→Retort systems.
Temperature of not less than 135
o
C and a pressure of 31 psi for an autoclave residence time of not less
than 30 minutes; or Medical waste shall not be considered properly treated unless the time, temperature
and pressure indicate stipulated limits. If for any reason, these were not reached, the entire load of
medical waste must be autoclaved again until the proper temperature, pressure and residence time were
achieved.

38. (2) Microwave Treatment :
Microwave treatment shall not be used for cytotoxic, hazardous or radioactive wastes,
contaminated animal carcasses, body parts and large metal items.
The microwave system shall comply with the efficacy tests/routine tests
The microwave should completely and consistently kill bacteria and other pathogenic
organism that is ensured by the approved biological indicator at the maximum design
capacity of each microwave unit.
This process involved pre shredding.
The heat is given to the waste is for 25 minutes at 95 ⁰C under a series of microwave
units.
Given frequencies is 300 to 300,000 MHz.

40. (3) Incineration :
Incineration systems use high-temperature combustion under controlled conditions to converts the wastes
into the gases.
The 3 incineration are used for hospital waste treatment viz.
•Multiple –hearth,
•Rotary kiln ,
•Controlled air.
All the 3 types can have the primary and secondary combustion chambers to ensure maximum combustion
of the waste.
Operating standards includes:
1.Combustion efficiency shall be at least 99%.
2.The temperature of the primary chambers shall be minimum of 800 C and the secondary chambers shall
be minimum 1050⁰ C + OR -50 ⁰C.
3.The secondary chambers gas residence time shall be at least 2sec.

42. Emissions standards for various air pollutions like particulate matter ,NO, HCL ,dioxins
,furans , mercury and its compounds.
(4) Plasma systems :
Plasma is basically a material in which the temperatures are so high such that some of its
electrons are separated from its own atoms.
The system are designed in such a way that the furnace temperature of as high as 10,000
⁰C.
These systems is similar to the incineration but the conventional combustions does not
take place.
The plasma fired chambers operated in oxygen deficient mode and off gases.

43. 3.CHEMICAL PROCESSES.
These processes use chemicals that act as disinfectants. Sodium hypochlorite, dissolved
chlorine dioxide, paracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, dry inorganic chemical and ozone are
examples of such chemicals. Most chemical processes are water-intensive and require
neutralising agents.
Most of the chemical disinfectants are used as aqueous solutions.
Water is needed to bring the chemicals and microorganisms together to achieve
inactivation.

44. 4.IRRADIATION PROCESSES.
In these processes, wastes are exposed to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation in an enclosed
chamber. These systems require post shredding to render the waste unrecognizable.
It is a synonymous with the electromagnetic radiations.
Processes utilizing cobalt 60 and electron beam accelerator unit for irradiating and
sterilizing the medical waste have been developed.
These systems required post-shredding to render the waste unrecognizable.

45. 5. BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.
A system is being developed using biological enzymes for treating medical waste .
Biological reaction can not only decontaminate the waste but also cause the destruction of
all the organics constituents so that only plastics, glass, and other inert material will remain
in the residues.

46. PRESENTED BY:
KRUTI DODIYA –180630116003.
NANDINI PATEL –180630116015.
NETRA PATEL –180630116016.
NIDHI PATEL –180630116017.
TANVI PATEL –180630116025.
GUIDED BY :
Proff.JAY RAVAL

47. THANK YOU !!!