Biomolecule as basic for food science and tech

Kuliah Biomolekul

1. Lanthanumis a chemical elementwith the symbolLaand atomic number57. It is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metalthat tarnishes
slowly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is the eponym of the lanthanideseries, a group of 15 similar
elements between lanthanum and lutetiumin the periodic table, of which lanthanum is the first and the prototype.
Lanthanum is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements. The usual oxidation stateis +3. Lanthanum has no biological
role in humans but is essential to some bacteria. It is not particularly toxic to humans but does show some antimicrobial activity.
Actinoid element, also called actinide element, any of a series of 15 consecutive chemical elements in the periodic tablefrom
actinium to lawrencium (atomic numbers 89–103). As a group, they are significant largely because of their radioactivity.

2. Lanthanum adalah elemen kimia dengan simbol La dan nomor atom 57. Ini adalah
logam lembut, ductile, putih keperakan yang menodai perlahan-lahan ketika
terkena udara dan cukup lembut untuk dipotong dengan pisau.
Ini adalah eponim dari seri lanthanide, sekelompok 15 elemen serupa antara
lanthanum dan lutetium dalam tabel periodik, di mana lanthanum adalah yang
pertama dan prototipe.
Lanthanum secara tradisional termasuk di antara elemen-elemen bumi yang
langka.
Status oksidasi yang biasa adalah +3. Lanthanum tidak memiliki peran biologis
pada manusia tetapi sangat penting untuk beberapa bakteri.
Lanthanum tidak terlalu beracun bagi manusia tetapi tidak menunjukkan beberapa
aktivitas antimikroba.

3. sp
3
Components of the early
atmosphere
H
2CH
4 NH
3 H
2O
Life prefers lighter atoms
(1) More abundant on Earth
(2) Stronger bonding between small atoms
Chemical properties
Atomic
sizes
The atomic composition
of living organism is more
complex than others
The tetrahedral structure
of carbon orbital has rigid
steric strain which makes
the basic building unit of
protein conformation
Electrons on
the outer shell
Periodical Table
HCNO
1
H
6
C
7
N
8
O
sp
3
1s 2s 2p
H
CNO
Juang RH (2004) BCbasics

8. Energy of Chemical Bonds in Cells
0.1 1 10 100
kcal/mole
Room Temperature
Secondary bond
ATP HydrolysisCovalent bondGlucose Oxidation
Hydrogen bond
Ionic bond
Hydrophobic bond
90 kcal/mole
3 kcal/mole
1 kcal/mole
1 kcal/mole
0.1 kcal/mole
Covalent bond
Van der Waal force
Adapted from Alberts et al (2002) Molecular Biology of the Cell (4e) p.53
Juang RH (2004) BCbasics

9. Bond Energy in Water Might Be Different
Bond length In vacuum Water solution
Covalent bond
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bond
Van der Waal force
0.15 nm
0.25 nm
0.30 nm
0.35 nm
90
80
4
0.1
90
3
1
0.1
kcal/mole
Adapted from Alberts et al (2002) Molecular Biology of the Cell (4e) p.57

54. •Macromolecule
subunits are
linked by
removing
water—
–dehydration
condensation
•Subunits are
broken apart by
adding water to a
bond —
–hydrolysis

58. •Lipid
•Polysaccharides
•Asam Nukleat
•Protein
•Gliserol and Fatty acids
•Glucose, monosaccharide
•Base, sugar, fosfat
•Amino acid

60. Fatty Acids
•Amphipathic
–Several
polar
groups
Saturated
Non
saturated

61. •Subunits
–Glycerol
–3 F.A

64. Polysaccharides
•2 sugars link to form
disaccharide
•Several sugars —
oligosaccharide
•Long chains of
sugars —
polysaccharide
•United through
dehydration
condensation to
make
polysaccharides
•Energy containing
molecules

65. Carbohydrates and Structure
•Cellulose
–Structural
support for
plant cells
–Glucose
polysacchar
ide with
bonds in
straight
orientation
•Chitin
–Exoskeleton
of
arthropods
–Modified
sugars in
chains

66. Complex Carbohydrates

67. Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
•Glycoproteins have short chains of sugars
attached to proteins
•Glycolipids have short chains of sugars
attached to lipids
•Both found on the exterior surface of cells
•Important in cell signaling

68. Nucleic Acids
•Structure
–Subunits —
nucleotides
–3 building
blocks for
each
nucleotide:
•Sugar
•Phosphate
•Nitrogenous
base

69. Formation of Nucleic Acids
•Linked by
dehydration
condensation
•Bond is called a
phosphodiester
linkage