biomolecules there importance and functions

for 9th grade students

1. To Life Process

Movement, reaction, respiration, growth,
reproduction etc. are the signs of living
things.

Cells are the structural and vital functional
units of life.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic
acids are the basic building blocks of life,
also known as biomolecules.

2. Biomolecules
Biomolecules are the fundamental
components that make up all living
organisms.
These essential molecules can be
categorized into four main groups:
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids.
Each type of biomolecule plays a
crucial role in the structure, function,
and regulation of living systems.

3. Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
are a diverse
group of
biomolecules that
include glucose,
fructose,
sucrose, starch,
and cellulose.
These molecules
serve as the
primary source of
energy and play
important roles in
cellular structure
and function.
Lipids
Lipids, such as
fats and oils, are
another class of
biomolecules .
They are essential
for the formation
of cell
membranes, the
storage of energy,
and the
regulation of
various
physiological
processes.
Proteins
Proteins are
complex
biomolecules that
play a wide range
of roles in living
organisms. They
can function as
enzymes,
hormones, and
antibodies, each
with their own
unique structure
and function.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids,
such as DNA and
RNA, are the
genetic material .
They expression
of genetic
information.

4. Metabolism

The signs of life are manifested through the actions of building
blocks called biomolecules and other chemical elements. All these
activities are known as metabolism.



There are two types of metabolism:

Anabolism, which combines molecules (e.g., synthesis of glucose
using CO2 and water), and Catabolism, which breaks down
molecules (e.g., amino acids are available through breakdown of
protein).
1 Anabolism
Combining molecules to build larger, more complex structures.
2 Catabolism
Breaking down molecules into smaller, simpler components.

5. Enzymes and Hormones
Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of metabolic reactions.
Hormones are chemical molecules produced by endocrine glands that regulate
various metabolic processes in the body.
These biomolecules work together to ensure that metabolic processes in the
body are carried out efficiently and effectively. Enzymes facilitate specific
chemical reactions, while hormones regulate and coordinate these reactions
to maintain the overall balance and functionality of the organism.
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up
metabolic reactions.
Hormones
Chemical molecules
that regulate
metabolic processes.
Coordination
Enzymes and
hormones work
together to maintain
balance and
functionality.
by Sajeev S S
GVHSS Vithura

6. Movement of Substances into Cells

Substances from the external environment can enter
cells through different mechanisms, depending on
the type of organism.

In single-celled organisms like amoeba, substances
can directly pass through the cell membrane.

In multicellular animals, substances reach the
intercellular fluid first before entering the cells.

In plants, substances enter through the cell wall,
intercellular spaces, and specialized pathways called
plasmodesmata before reaching the plasma
membrane.

7. The Internal Environment
Animals
In animals, the extracellular fluid
acts as the internal environment,
providing a stable and controlled
environment for the cells.
Plants
In plants, the components of the
cell wall and air chambers serve as
the internal environment,
maintaining the necessary
conditions for the cells to function
properly.

8. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the process of keeping the composition
of the internal environment constant, ensuring the
optimal conditions for the cells to function.

9. Exchange of materiel through cell membrane
Structure of Cell Membrane
The membrane that covers the cell are known as cell membrane.
The cell membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules with
embedded proteins and attached carbohydrates.
This structure helps the cell membrane control what enters and
exits the cell, maintain the cell's shape, and allow the cell to
communicate with its environment.

10. Transport of Materials through cell Membrane
Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules
from a region of its higher concentration to a
region of its lower concentration through a
semipermeable membrane
Osmosis is crucial for cells because it helps
maintain the right balance of water and solutes.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the process where particles move
from an area where they are more concentrated
to an area where they are less concentrated.
Diffusion is important because it helps move
substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
nutrients in and out of the cell.

11. Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion is a process where certain
molecules move across a cell membrane with
the help of special proteins.
Just like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion
does not require energy from the cell.
There are two main types of transport proteins:
channel proteins, which form pores, and
carrier proteins, which bind to the molecule,
then release the molecule on the other side of
the membrane
Each transport protein is specific to a
particular molecule

12. Active transport
Active transport is a process that moves molecules across the cell
membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher
concentration.
Active transport needs energy because it’s moving molecules against
their concentration gradient
Just like in facilitated diffusion, active transport uses special proteins
in the cell membrane.
Each protein is specific to a certain type of molecule.

13. Processes related to Movement of Substances
The nature of flow of molecules
From a region of Higher to Lower Concentration
From a region of Lower to Higher Concentration
Applicable only to water
Energy Required
Energy Not Required
Carrier Protein not required
Carrier Protein required
Name of the process
Diffusion , Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Osmosis
Active transport
Diffusion , Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion , Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion & Active Transport