Bionanotechnology

Bionanotechnology, an overview.

1. Bionanotechnology Concepts and Applications

2. Author Mahmoud Abd-Allah Yusuf Azzazy MSc. Medical Microbiology and immunology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar university in Cairo, egypt. Microbiology section Head, Marcyrl Pharmaceuticals. Email: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] . Mobile: [phone] Facebook: FB\Mahmoud Azzazy

3. Overview What is the Bionanotechnology and related terms? Historical review and current situation of nanotechnology Types of bionanoparticles Different applications of bionanoparticles

4. Contents Introduction Definitions Nanoscale Metric Prefix History Growth Benefits Bionanoparticles Examples Applications Ethicals Summary

5. Introduction: Definitions The prefix ‘ nano- ’ is derived from the Greek word nannos , meaning “ very short man .” At its root, the prefix ‘nano-’ refers to a scale of size in the metric system. ‘Nano’ is used in scientific units to denote one-billionth (10 -9 ) of the base unit. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) uses for its definition of nanotechnology: “ Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nm, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.” Nanobiotechnology is the application of nanotechnology to the life science. Bionanotechnology is concerned with molecular scale properties and applications of biomolecular nanostructures.

6. Introduction: Definitions Biology Nanotechnology Bionanotechnology Self assembled nanostructures Bio-inspired materials bio-molecular electronics Metallization of bio-assemblies Nanobiotechnology Cell on a chip Nanoarray diagnostics Quantum dots in biology Tissue engineering on nanotemplates

7. Introduction: Nanoscale

8. Introduction: Metric Prefix Source: astro.unl.edu

9. Introduction: History Richard Feynman The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology started by physicist Richard Feynman. Feynman described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules. " There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom " was a lecture given by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. The Damascus swords of the Middle East were legendarily sharp, strong and flexible. Now, an analysis of one of these weapons under an electron microscope reveals that the key to its properties is nanotechnology, inadvertently used by blacksmiths centuries before modern science. Cementite crystal structure . Iron atoms are in blue, carbon atoms are in black. The Damascus swords

10. Introduction: Growth Source: futuretimeline.net Fields: Military Power Technology Health Safety Security Industry Space Agriculture Environment Water more..

11. Introduction: US Annual budget Source: National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)

12. Introduction: Worldwide Nanotechnology Company & Research Labs Directory Source : nanowerk.com Conferences Japan January 2016 France june 2015 Spain July 2015 Egypt March 2015 Sri Lanka September 2015 Israel March 2015

13. Introduction: Definitions Biology Nanotechnology Bionanotechnology Self assembled nanostructures Bio-inspired materials bio-molecular electronics Metallization of bio-assemblies Nanobiotechnology Cell on a chip Nanoarray diagnostics Quantum dots in biology Tissue engineering on nanotemplates

14. Introduction: Definitions What is Bionanotechnology ? Bionanotechnology is a field that concerns the utilization of biological systems optimized through evolution, such as cells, cellular components, nucleic acids and proteins, to fabricate functional nanostructured and mesoscopic architectures comprised of organic and inorganic materials. Why Bionanotechnology ? Bionanotechnology is originally designed to generate and manipulate nanostructured materials, to basic and applied study of fundamental biological processes. The Numerical Aerospace Simulation Systems Division (NAS) of the NASA Ames Research Center,

15. Introduction: Bionanoparticles Bionanoparticles are naturally produced entities that are of nanometer dimension. DNA, Amyloid fibrile, Actin filaments, Aromatic peptides, Bacteriophages, Minerals, Viruses, Enzymes and Nucleic acids are examples of naturally occurring nanoparticles. The current research in this area can be classified as: Host-guest chemistry; used to package hard and conducting inorganic materials. Example: ferritin, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Bioconjugate .

16. Introduction: Dendrimers Dendrimers are highly branched, star-shaped macromolecules with nanometer-scale dimensions. Dendrimers are defined by three components: a central core, an interior dendritic structure (the branches), and an exterior surface with functional surface groups. The varied combination of these components yields products of different shapes and sizes with shielded interior cores that are ideal candidates for applications in both biological and materials sciences. source: Sigma Aldrich

17. Introduction: Ferritin Ferritin is an intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion. The protein is produced by almost all living organisms, including algae, bacteria, higher plants, and animals . In humans, it acts as a buffer against iron deficiency and iron overload. The tertiary and quaternary structure of ferritins is highly conserved. Ferritin is a globular protein complex consisting of 24 protein subunits and is the primary intracellular iron-storage protein in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, keeping about 4000 iron atoms in a soluble and non-toxic form. The protein has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic channels . Most ferritins are very stable particles, which can withstand 65ºC and tolerate a pH range between 4 and 9. Structure of the murine ferritin complex source: Sigma Aldrich

18. Introduction: DNA architecture DNA is being used as a nano-wire involves the creation of artificial, designed nanostructures out of nucleic acids, such as this DNA tetrahedron . Each edge of the tetrahedron is a 20 base pair DNA double helix, and each vertex is a three-arm junction. The 4 DNA strands that form the 4 tetrahedral faces are color-coded.

19. Introduction: DNA architecture

20. Introduction: Biosensors\aptamer A schematic illustration of an aptamer-based assay of platelet-derived growth factor B-chain homodimer (PDGF-BB) using aptamer-conjugated green fluorescent ferritin nanoparticles (gFFNP). From: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

21. Introduction: Viruses Nanowires, nanotubes, and quantum dots A virus is a nonliving particle ranging from the size of 20 to 300 nm capsules containing genetic material used to infect its host. The outer layer of viruses are remarkably robust and capable of withstanding temperatures as high as 60 °C and stay stable in a wide range of pH range of 2-10. Viral capsids can be used to create several nano device components such as nanowires, nanotubes, and quantum dots. Tubular virus particles such as the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) can be used as templates to create nanofibers and nanotubes since both the inner and outer layers of the virus are charged surfaces and can induce nucleation of crystal growth. Production of platinum and gold nanotubes using TMV as a template.

22. Introduction: Viruses\Mineralized Mineralized virus particles have been shown to withstand various pH values by mineralizing the viruses with different materials such as silicon, PbS, and CdS and could therefore serve as a useful carriers of material. Applications include using the viral cage to produce uniformly shaped and sized quantum dot semiconductor nanoparticles through a series of pH washes. Such materials could also be used for targeted drug delivery since particles release contents upon exposure to specific pH levels. Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV)

23. Introduction: Biomineralization Scanning electron microscopy images of cell walls from different diatom species. The formation of inorganic materials with complex form is a widespread biological phenomenon (biomineralization) that occurs in almost all groups of organisms from prokaryotes (e.g., magnetite nanocrystals in certain bacteria) to humans (bone and teeth). Among the most spectacular examples of biomineralization are the intricately structured cell walls of diatoms, a large group of single-celled eukaryotic algae that are present in almost all water habitats. Source: chemistry.gatech.edu

24. Introduction: Benefits Benefits of N anotechnology: Creation of new products and improvement on existing products. Available of stronger, tougher and lighter materials for construction and engineering. Cleaner drinking water due to creation of filters that can entrap organisms and toxins. Cleaner environment through remediation to remove pollutants from the environment. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases. Improvement on transport systems. Benefits of Bionanotechnology: Producing an environmentally friendly nanoparticles and materials. Decreasing use of toxic chemicals in synthetic protocol. Application of genetic control resulting in specific morphologies, sizes and crystallinity of the structures. Improved healthcare by fabrication of devices and drug delivery systems for better monitoring. Cheaper and clean energy.

25. Introduction: Applications\medicine Nanomedicine : combines gears, levers, plates, sensors, power + communication cables with powerful microscopic comps → ‘smart materials’. Medical nanites patrolling – possess patients DNA and foreign invaders dispatched. Cell sentinels could form artificial immunity to not just colds but AIDS too. Life – molecular machines controlled by programmed DNA ⇒ possible age reversal ⇒ ethical implications. Nanomachine to repair brain cells

26. Introduction: Fabrication Biomimetic : المحاكاة الحيوية Biomimetics or biomimicry is the imitation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems. bionics: البيولوجيا الإلكترونية Bionics (also known as bionical creativity engineering) is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology . Biomorphic mineralization is a technique that produces materials with morphologies and structures resembling those of natural living organisms by using bio-structures as templates for mineralization. Compared to other methods of material production, biomorphic mineralization is facile, environmentally benign and economic. Artificial Model of Nano Gears

27. Introduction: Applications Artificial photosynthesis A potentially game-changing breakthrough in artificial photosynthesis has been achieved with the development of a system that can capture carbon dioxide emissions before they are vented into the atmosphere and then, powered by solar energy, convert that carbon dioxide into valuable chemical products, including biodegradable plastics, pharmaceutical drugs and even liquid fuels. Source: Nano.gov This break-through artificial photosynthesis systems has four general components: (1) harvesting solar energy, (2) generating reducing equivalents, (3) reducing CO2 to biosynthetic intermediates, and (4) producing value-added chemicals. Credit: Courtesy of Berkeley Lab

28. Introduction: Applications\diagnostics Portable DNA Sequencer Can ID Bacteria and Viruses The USB-powered sequencer contains thousands of wells, each containing nanopores—narrow protein channels that are only wide enough for a single strand of DNA. Source: nano.gov redirect to eurekalert.org

29. Introduction: Applications\Water Scheme of the removal of heavy metals with the humic acid coated Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles. (Reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society) Source: Applying nanotechnology to water treatment

30. Samsung Silver nano ® Silver Nano ( Silver Nano Health System ) is a trademark name of an antibacterial technology which uses ionic silver nanoparticles in washing machines,refrigerators, air conditioners, air purifiers and vacuum cleaners introduced by Samsung in April 2003. Introduction: home appliances Silver Nano Health System™ Sophisticated nanotechnology which is applied to the Silver Nano coating of SAMSUNG's refrigerator has an antibacterial effect. Since propagation of fungi and bacteria inside refrigerators is prevented, you can keep your refrigerator fresh and clean. Silver Nano Anti-bacterial coating With SAMSUNG's Silver Nano anti-bacterial coating, the inner walls of the refrigerator are coated with silver particles that destroy 99.9% of bacteria. The propagation of fungi and bacteria is stopped, giving you hygienic food storage.

31. Introduction: Applications\military First flight: This tiny robot weighs just 60 milligrams and has a wingspan of three centimeters. It’s the first robot to achieve liftoff that’s modeled on a fly and built on such a small scale. Robotic Insect Takes Off Researchers have created a robotic fly for covert surveillance . A life-size, robotic fly has taken flight at Harvard University. Weighing only 60 milligrams, with a wingspan of three centimeters, the tiny robot’s movements are modeled on those of a real fly. While much work remains to be done on the mechanical insect, the researchers say that such small flying machines could one day be used as spies, or for detecting harmful chemicals. “Nature makes the world’s best fliers,” says Robert Wood, leader of Harvard’s robotic-fly project and a professor at the university’s school of engineering and applied sciences. The U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is funding Wood’s research in the hope that it will lead to stealth surveillance robots for the battlefield and urban environments. The robot’s small size and fly-like appearance are critical to such missions. “You probably wouldn’t notice a fly in the room, but you certainly would notice a hawk,” Wood says. By Rachel Ross on July 19, 2007 Source: technologyreview.com CNN News: Link

32. Introduction: Ethical An important component of responsible development is the consideration of the ethical, legal, and societal implications of nanotechnology. How nanotechnology research and applications are introduced into society; how transparent decisions are; how sensitive and responsive policies are to the needs and perceptions of the full range of stakeholders; and how ethical, legal, and social issues are addressed will determine public trust and the future of innovation driven by nanotechnology. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)

33. Introduction: Summary Bionanotechnology involves the use of biological processes to manipulation/mimic these processes at the nanoscale to create structures performing particular task. Various applications – predominantly in nanomedicine as vast research being carried out worldwide. Understanding living systems is fundamental before we can fully appreciate the true potential of this technology.

34. Introduction: Library

35. Introduction: Online lectures

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