Bionic eye

There are many people in this world who cannot see.And costs much to gain vision.This article enlightens how people can gain vision through "BIONIC EYE". A Ray Of Vision For The Blind

1. The bionic eye A RAY OF VISION FOR THE BLIND

2. P GAYAThRI N praveena P KAUSHIK MOHAMMAD MUKTAR ALI PREPARED BY- ANITS, ECE 1 st YEAR

3. INTRODUCTION EYE IS THE MOST SENSITIVE AND MOST IMPORTANT PART OF A HUMAN BEINGS BODY. SOME PEOPLE ARE BORN BLIND AND SOME PEOPLE GET BLIND DUE TO SOME EYE DEFECTS OR PARTIALLY LOOSE THEIR VISION. INDIA HAS LARGEST BLIND POPULATION IN THE WORLD WHICH IS NEARLY ABOUT 15 MILLION PEOPLE.

4. WHAT IS BLINDNESS? Blindness  is the inability to see anything, even light. If you are partially blind , you have limited vision. Complete  blindness  means that you cannot see at all and are in total darkness. Due to improper treatment people suffering from are unable to get perfect vision and undergoing various surgeries which sometimes further lead to loss of vision.

5. REASONS FOR BLINDNESS Glaucoma  refers to four different eye conditions that damage the optic nerve that carries visual information to your brain. Macular degeneration  destroys the part of your eye that enables you to see details. It usually affects older adults. Cataracts  cause cloudy vision and are more common in older people. A  lazy eye  can make it difficult to see details and may lead to vision loss. Optic neuritis  is inflammation that can cause temporary or permanent vision loss. Retinitis pigmentosa  refers to retina damage, but leads to blindness only in rare cases. Tumors  that affect the retina or optic nerve can also cause blindness.

6. Derivation of the word “BIONIC”( Bi o + electr ONIC ) BIONIC EYE , is an experimental visual device intended to restore functional vision in those suffering blindness. Bio-electronic eye Electronic device which replaces the functionality of a part or whole of the eye.  Bionic eye devices are developed to restore a sense of vision to people with  retinitis pigmentos and age-related macular degeneration .  What is BIONIC EYE?

7. A  digital camera  that's built into a pair of  glasses . It captures images in real time and sends images to a microchip . A  video-processing microchip  that's built into a handheld unit. It processes images into  electrical pulses representing patterns of light and dark and sends the pulses to a radio transmitter in the glasses. A  radio   transmitter  that wirelessly transmits pulses to a receiver implanted above the ear or under the eye A  radio receiver  that sends pulses to the retinal implant by a hair-thin implanted wire A  retinal implant  with an array of 60 electrodes on a chip measuring 1 mm by 1 mm

8. Bionic eye Human Eye With Camera

9. How does it work? The bionic vision system consists of a camera, attached to a pair of glasses, which transmits high-frequency radio signals to a microchip implanted in the eye.   Electrodes on the implanted chip convert these signals into electrical impulses to stimulate cells in the retina that connect to the optic nerve. These impulses are then passed down along the optic nerve to the vision processing centers of the brain, where they are interpreted as an image.

10. some Ongoing projects Implantable Miniature Telescope Artificial Silicon Retina(ASR) Harvard /MIT Retinal Implant Dobelle eye MARC Technology Argus Holographic Technology Virtual Retinal Display(VRD) etc…

11. Artificial retina prosthesis is done using ‘ Artificial Silicon Retina ’. The ASR is a silicon chip 2 mm in diameter and 1/1000 inch in thickness. It contains approximately 3,500 microscopic solar cells called "micro photodiodes," each having its own stimulating electrode Artificial Silicon Retina is a solid state biocompatible chip which contains an array of photoreceptors and is implanted to replace the functionality of defective photoreceptors. It detects light and converts into electrical impulses.

12. Magnified I mage of ASR ASR Implant in eye

13. THE BIONIC EYE SYSTEM When the camera  captures an image -- of, say, a tree -- the image is in the form of light and dark pixels. It sends this image to the video processor, which converts the tree-shaped pattern of pixels into a series of  electrical  pulses that represent "light" and "dark." The processor sends these pulses to a radio transmitter on the glasses, which then transmits the pulses in radio form to a receiver implanted underneath the subject's skin. The receiver is directly connected via a wire to the electrode array implanted at the back of the eye, and it sends the pulses down the wire.

14. When the pulses reach the retinal implant, they excite the electrode array. The array acts as the artificial equivalent of the retina's photoreceptors. The electrodes are stimulated in accordance with the encoded pattern of light and dark that represents the tree. The electrical signals generated by the stimulated electrodes then travel as neural signals to the visual center of the  brain  by way of the normal pathways used by healthy eyes -- the optic nerves. In macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, the optical neural pathways aren't damaged. The brain, in turn, interprets these signals as a tree and tells the subject, "You're seeing a tree."

15. Working Diagram Video Camera Video processing unit R eceiver Retinal Implant N eurons Brain ECE Dept. M.I.T. M anipur 14

16. The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System (“Argus II”) is the world’s first approved device intended to restore some functional vision for people suffering from blindness . transmits images from a small, eye-glass-mounted camera wirelessly to a microelectrode array implanted on a patient’s damaged retina.

17. How ARGUS- II Works?

18. The Argus® II Retinal Prosthesis System

19. Working of Argus-II device……… The patient wears glasses with an attached video camera that captures images of the surrounding area. These images become an electrical signal which is processed by the video processing unit. The signal is then wirelessly delivered to the eye stimulating the retina

20. This electrical stimulation of the retina is recognized by the brain as spots of light

21. When is it used? The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System is intended for patients aged 25 years and older with bare or no light perception vision caused by advanced retinitis pigmentosa.

22. Result of this system identify the location or movement of objects and people; recognize large letters, words, or Sentences. and helped in other activities of daily life, such as detecting street curbs and walking on a sidewalk without stepping off.

23. ADVANTAGES ability to perform visual tasks demonstrated in many patients Upgradable external hardware and software to benefit from future innovations the brain has an amazing ability to adapt to new input and to improve his or her understanding of what is being “seen” via an artificial vision system. Reduction of stress upon retina

24. Disadvantages The cost of device is too high. If a single part of the chip is damaged the total technique will be meaningless

25. Conclusion people suffering from low vision to, people who are completely blind will get benefited from this project. This technology used by US and economic Europe countries. Hope this technology develops and comes under lime-light in INDIA……..

26. ANY QUESTIONS?

27. THANK YOU………