Bioremediation ppt FINAL 005.pptx

Soil health
Sources of soil contamination
Bioremediation
Principles
Components
Classification
Mechanisms

1. BIOREMEDIATION & SOIL HEALTH 1

2. Soil health Sources of soil contamination Bioremediation Principles Components Classification Mechanisms 2

3. Contd … Phytoremediation Advantages of bioremediation Limitations of bioremediation Future strategies and challenges Conclusion 3

4. V ital living system S ustain plant productivity and animal health Improve water and air quality 4

5. Sources of soil contamination Natural sources Anthropogenic sources 5

6. Natural sources Volcanoes Tsunami waves Storms in desert areas etc. 6

7. Anthropogenic sources Agricultural practices Industrial wastes Disposal of solid wastes on land Mining activities Heavy metal pollutants Radioactive pollutants 7

8. Sources… 8

9. 9

10. Types of pollutants 10 Organic Inorganic (Rao et al ., 2010) F uel hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ), polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ), chlorinated aromatic compounds, detergents, and pesticides N itrates , phosphates, heavy metals (cadmium , chromium and lead); inorganic acids & radionuclides   ( radioactive substances)

11. Ill effects of organic contaminants 11 DDT effect

12. Heavy metals Metals and metalloids - specific gravity >5 g cm -3 ( Nriagu and Pacyna 1988; Hawkes 1997 ) Toxicity hazards Mercury - Minamata Mercury in infants - Acrodynia Cadmium - Itai - itai Arsenic - Black foot Silver - Argyria 12

13. 13 Itai – itai (Cd) Diseases

14. 14 Black foot - As Argyria - Ag

15. 15 Physical remediation Chemical remediation Soil flushing Incineration Cement kiln Air stripping Thermal desorption   Solvent extraction Oxidation reduction Precipitation Neutralization Encapsulation SOIL REMEDIATION METHODS Bioremediation (Ward and S ingh, 2004)

16. B ioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”. (United States EPA) 16 Bioremediation ???

17. Principles of Bioremediation Degradation Sequestration Removal 17 ( Anushree Malik, 2006)

18. 18 ( Fulekar , 2010 ) Electron donor Organic contaminant degradation Oxidised electron donor Degradation

19. Sequestration 19

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21. Bioremediation - Components Organisms (Substrate) Pollutants Environment Microorganisms Plants Enzymes Soil Water Air Organic Inorganic Solid Liquid Gas 21

22. Types of Bioremediation 22 Bacteria Bacterial bioremediation Fungi Mycoremediation Algae Phycoremediation Plants Phytoremediation Biomolecules derived from micro organisms Derivative bioremediation Rhizosphere Rhizoremediation Nanoparticle Nanoremediation

23. Classification of Bioremediation In situ bioremediation - T reating the contaminated materials at the site Ex situ bioremediation Material to be bioremediated is moved to another site to be treated 23

24. In situ bioremediation Types Bioventing Biostimulation Biosparging Bioaugmentation Bioslurping 24

25. Induces air or oxygen flow into the unsaturated zone A ctivity of indigenous bacteria is enhanced (Rockne and Reddy, 2003) 25 1) Bioventing

26. Bioventing 26 Oxygen release compound Direct oxygen method

27. 2 ) Biostimulation Modification of microbial environment Addition of limiting nutrients and electron acceptors ( Rhykerd et al ., 1999 ) 27

28. Effect of carbon substrate on perchlorate contaminated soil 28 ( Sarat and Kenneth, 2016) Application of inexpensive carbon substrates –chicken litter - remediation of perchlorate contaminated soil

29. 3) B iosparging Injection of pressurised air below the water table Increases mixing in the saturated zone ( Vidali , 2001) 29

30. Biosparging 30 Injection of pressurised air below the water table

31. 4 ) Bioaugmentation Addition of pollutant degrading microorganisms to augment the biodegradative capacity of indigenous microbial populations . 31

32. Contd … A dding microbial consortia to contaminated soil - Phanerochaete chrysosporium , Cunninghamella sp ., Alternaria alternate ( fr. ) Keissler Penicillium chrysogenum Aspergillus niger , Bacillus sp., Zoogloea sp. & Flavobacterium enhanced the degradation rate significantly (41.3%) (Li et al. , 2009 ) 32

33. 5 ) Bioslurping Vacuum extraction of the floating contaminant and water 33

34. Ex situ bioremediation 34

35. Mechanism of Slurry phase bioremediation 35

36. Solid phase bioremediation 1. Composting Organic contaminants ( eg . PAHs) are converted by microorganisms to safe, stabilized byproducts ( Chang and Chen, 2010) 36

37. Three ways of composting : Static Pile - Aerated using vacuums or blowers Mechanically Agitated in-vessel composting – Contaminants are put into a treatment tank, turned up and mixed Windrow Composting - Contaminants are laid out in long piles and mixed by a tractor 37

38. Composting 38 Static pile Windrow composting In-vessel composting

39. 2. Landfarming 39

40. Biopiles / B iocells Excavated soil mixed with amendments, forced aeration Volatile contaminants - easily controlled Converted to CO 2 and H 2 O Treatment of surface contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons Control physical losses of the contaminants by leaching and volatilization (EPA, 2003) 40

41. Biopile 41

42. Biofilters Filters with degrading organisms supported on a high surface area viz . granulated activated carbon or compost 42

43. Bioreactors Biodegradation of contaminants in a large tank or reactor U sed to treat liquid effluents/slurries or contaminated solid waste/soil (Sharma, 2012) 43

44. Bioreactor 44

45. Mechanism of salt removal by bioremediation 45

46. Mechanisms in bioremediation in the case of dead and living biomass Microorganisms Microalgae, bacteria, fungi, yeast Biosorption mechanism Passive processes Dead and living biomass Bioaccumulation mechanism Active processes L iving biomass 46

47. How does bioremediation work ? Final waste- CO₂ & H 2 O Food (contaminant ) O 2 , other nutrients Enzymes 47

48. In case of oil… 48

49. Mycoremediation Fungi ( eg . Aspergillus and Penicillium ) and yeasts ( eg . S . cerevisiae ) - remove heavy metals – Cd & As ( Bhakta et al., 2014) 49

50. Bacterial remediation Deinococcus geothermalis - radioactive waste at high temperatures Acenitobacter baumanii - crude oil (Paul et al., 2005) Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 - naphthalene ( Wasilkowski et al .,2012 ) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NRRL B-5472 ), P. putida (NRRL B-5473) - naphthalene, salicylate and camphor 50

51. Contd … Geobacter metallireducens - u ranium in mining operations (Kumar et al ., 2011) Escherichia coli , Bacillus subtilis , Saccharomyces boulardii , Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus - removal of heavy metals from water bodies (Min-sheng et al .,2001) 51

52. Bacteria under work 52

53. Phycoremediation Biosorption of Cd 2+ by a capsulated nuisance cyanobacterium - Microcystis Naturally occurring cells showed higher efficiency for biosorption of Cd 2+ and Ni 2+ as compared to lab cultured cells ( Rai et al ., 1998 ) 53

54. Pollutant Microorganism(s) Reference Atrazine Acinetobacter sp. Singh et al ., 2004 Pseudomonas sp . strain ADP Shapir and Mandelbaum , 1997 Chlorpyrifos Aspergillus niger Trichoderma viride Mukherjee and Gopal, 1996 Bacterium strain B-14 Singh et al ., 2004 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Alcaligenes eutrophus TCP Andreoni et al. , 2003 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Ralstonia eutropha (pJP4) Daane and Häggblom, 1999 Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 Roane et al., 2001 Carbon tetrachloride Pseudomonas stutzeri KC Dybas et al ., 2002 BTEX B. sp. Strain JS150 Kahng et al.,( 2001) Bacillus cepacia G4 Shields et al.,( 1995) Ralstonia pickettii PKO1 Byrne et al ., (1995) Sphingomonas yanoikuyae B1 Kim and Zylstra , (1999) Orange 3, 4-(4nitrophenylazo) aniline Pleurotus ostreatus Zhao et.al .,(2006) 54 Microorganisms involved in bioremediation

55. 55 Hydrolases Phosphotriesterases , amidases, proteases Dehalogenases Cellulases and amylases Transferases Glutathione transferases Oxidoreductases Oxygenases , peroxidases Enzymes in Bioremediation ( Whiteley and Lee, 2006)

56. Phytoremediation D irect use of living green plants for in situ removal, degradation, or containment of contaminants in soils, sludges , sediments, surface water and groundwater   56

57. Mechanisms of phytoremediation 57

58. Strategies involved in phytoremediation 58

59. Types of plants used : 59

60. Contd … 60 Helianthus annuus Eicchornia crassipes Brassica juncea

61. Phytoextraction 61 (Zhuang, 2000)

62. Hyper accumulators in phytoremediation Thlaspi caerulescens -   Alpine pennygrass 62 ( Negri , 1996) Pennywort Duckweed

63. Phytostabilisation Immobilisation of contaminants in the soil through absorption and accumulation by roots and precipitation within the root zone Rhizodegradation or plant assisted bioremediation 63

64. Phytostabilization of mercury by willow roots 64 (Wang, 2004)

65. Phytotransformation Phytodegradation Breakdown of contaminants within the plant 65 (Subramanian, 2006)

66. Phytostimulation Breakdown of contaminants within the root 66

67. Phytovolatilisation Contaminants volatile forms and transpires them into the atmosphere Mercury and selenium 67

68. Rhizofiltration Adsorption or precipitation into plant roots Used to address ground water rather than soil 68

69. Rhizofiltration c ontd … 69 Source: http ://systemsbiology.usm.edu/BrachyWRKY/WRKY/Rhizofiltration.html

70. Contd … Phytoremediation of heavy metals viz . Cd , Pb , Cu and Zn by Trifolium alexandrinum (Ali et al ., 2012) R yegrass and fescue - PAH contaminated soils due to their fibrous root systems with extensive surface area for microbial colonisation ( Binet et al ., 2000) 70

71. Types of phytoremediation techniques Process Pollutant Medium Plants Phytoextraction Cd, Pb , Zn, As, Petroleum, Hydrocarbons and Radionuclides Soil & Groundwater Viola baoshanensis , Sedum alfredii , Rumex crispus Phytotranformation xenobiotic substances Soil Cannas Phytodegradation DDT, Expolsives, waste and Nitrates Groundwater Elodea Canadensis, Pueraria Rhizofiltration Zn, Pb, Cd, As Groundwater Brassica juncea, Phytostabilization (Immobilization) Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn Soil Anthyllis vulneraria , Festuca arvernensis 71 ( Macek , 2000)

72. Extraction of heavy metals –plant 72

73. Biomining of gold 73

74. Bioremediation by Nano-particles Massive surface area and unique properties of nanoparticles - application to environmental remediation Use of nanoparticles in bioremediation is also called Nanoremediation Nanoparticles either act as carrier for microorganisms or directly act in remediation 74

75. Advantages of bioremediation Minimal exposure of onsite workers Long term protection of public health Safe method Cheap method Ecofriendly Natural process 75

76. Limitations of bioremediation Doesn’t suit all situations Time consuming Cannot degrade all hazardous wastes No acceptable endpoints for bioremediation treatments Barriers to commercialization of bioremediation 76

77. Future strategies and challenges for bioremediation Recovering valuable metals Bioremediation of Radioactive Wastes Genetically engineered microbes will require further study to clarify issues of safety . The construction of environmentally robust micro organism 77

78. 78 Bioremediation technology - relies not only on pollutant interaction with a particular (micro)organism but also on the bioavailability of the environmental conditions

79. Conclusion… Emerging as a viable, eco-friendly, cost effective and aesthetically pleasing technique for the remediation of contaminated soils Bioremediation – for sustainable soil health Tool for rejuvenation of degraded lands 79

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