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1. BIOS - UEFI/Legacy JOMAR V. DAI S REPORTER ISIDRO OLIVEROS COURSE FACILITATOR

2. So you might have heard the acronyms BIOS and UEFI thrown around, especially when trying to switch Operating Systems or messing around with overclocking. And you might know what these acronyms stand for (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface and Basic Input/Output System, respectively). But have you ever wondered how they're used in a computer system? Let's demystify these terms and their meanings now.

3. Boot Procedure First things first – I know we're deviating from the topic, but I promise this will help you with some concepts later on. So, how does a computer boot? Let's go step by step: 1. You press the power button on your laptop/desktop. 2. The CPU starts up, but needs some instructions to work on (remember, the CPU always needs to do something). Since the main memory is empty at this stage, CPU defers to load instructions from the firmware chip on the motherboard and begins executing instructions. 3.The firmware code does a Power On Self Test (POST), initializes the remaining hardware, detects the connected peripherals (mouse, keyboard, pendrive etc.) and checks if all connected devices are healthy. You might remember it as a 'beep' that desktops used to make after POST is successful.

4. 4. Finally , the firmware code cycles through all storage devices and looks for a boot-loader (usually located in first sector of a disk). If the boot-loader is found, then the firmware hands over control of the computer to it. We don't need to know more about this topic for the purposes of this article. But if you're interested, then read on (otherwise, you can skip to next section ). 5. So now that the boot-loader is loaded, its job is to load the rest of the operating system. GRUB is one such boot-loader that is capable of loading unix -like operating systems and is also able to chain-load Windows OS. Boot-loader is only available in the first sector of a disk, which is 512 bytes. Given the complexity of modern operating systems, some of these boot-loaders tend to do multi-stage loading, where the main boot-loader loads the second-stage-boot-loader in an environment which is not restricted to 512 bytes.

5. The boot-loader then loads the  kernel  into memory. Unix-like operating systems then run the   init  process (the master process, from which other processes are forked/executed) and finally initialize the  run-levels . 6. In Windows , wininit.exe  is loaded along with some other processes like services.exe for service control , lsass.exe  for local session management . 7. After all this, and after some other drivers are initialized, the Graphical User Inferface (GUI) is loaded and you are presented with the login screen . 8. This was a very high-level overview of the boot process. If you're interested in Operating Systems, I would recommend that you read more on  Now let's get back to our original topic.

6. BIOS: BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System, the firmware we talked about in the above boot procedure . It is stored on an EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), allowing the manufacturer to push out updates easily . It provides many helper functions that allow reading boot sectors of attached storage and printing things on screen. You can access BIOS during the initial phases of the boot procedure by pressing del F2 or F10.

7. UEFI: UEFI stands for Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. It does the same job as a BIOS, but with one basic difference: it stores all data about initialization and startup in an . efi file, instead of storing it on the firmware . This . efi file is stored on a special partition called EFI System Partition (ESP) on the hard disk. This ESP partition also contains the bootloader .

8. UEFI was designed to overcome many limitations of the old BIOS, including: 1. UEFI supports drive sizes upto 9 zettabytes, whereas BIOS only supports 2.2 terabytes . 2. UEFI provides faster boot time . 3. UEFI has discrete driver support, while BIOS has drive support stored in its ROM, so updating BIOS firmware is a bit difficult . 4. UEFI offers security like "Secure Boot", which prevents the computer from booting from unauthorized/unsigned applications. This helps in preventing rootkits, but also hampers dual-booting, as it treats other OS as unsigned applications. Currently, only Windows and Ubuntu are signed OS (let me know if I am wrong).

9. 5. UEFI runs in 32bit or 64bit mode, whereas BIOS runs in 16bit mode. So UEFI  is able to provide a GUI (navigation with mouse) as opposed to BIOS which allows navigation only using the keyboard . You might not need UEFI Though all modern computers come equipped with UEFI by default, some reasons why you might choose BIOS over UEFI are: 1. If you're beginner and don't care about messing with any type of firmware, BIOS is for you. 2. If you have < 2 TB per hard disk or partition, you can go with BIOS . 3. BIOS allows running multiple operating systems without changing any settings This can be a security issue from a modern standpoint, but hey, no hassles for the user. 4. BIOS provides system information to the operating system. So if your OS runs in 16 bit mode, it does not require writing code for interacting with hardware. It can directly use methods provided by BIOS. Else if the OS switches over to 32bit or 64bit mode, then it needs to provide its own subroutines for interacting with hardware.

10. 5. If you are someone who prefers a keyboard and text based UI over navigation with a mouse and GUI, then BIOS is for you. UEFI takes these limitations into account and provides a Legacy mode. In it you can run everything as if you had a BIOS firmware. But keep in mind that Intel has announced that it won't support traditional BIOS from 2020.

11. BIOS –Basic Input / Output System • The software used to start your computer -The firmware -system BIOS, ROM BIOS -ROM or flash memory • Initializes CPU and memory -Build the workspace • POST -Power-On Self-Test • Look for a boot loader -Start the operating system

12. Legacy BIOS • The original / traditional BIOS - It’s been around for than 25 years • Older OS talked to hardware through the BIOS -Instead of accessing hardware directly • Limited hardware support - No drivers for modern network, video, and storage devices

13. Why do we need something new? • BIOS is already more than 25 years old • BIOS has not advances with the latest PC Technology in market • Limitations: -Can only boot from HDD of 2.1TB or less -MBR Partition usedBIOS has

14. UEFI-Unified Extensible Firmware Interface • Started late 90’s by INTEL • Released October 2002 by INTEL for Itanium x64 Systems • 2005 UEFI Forum is born and take care about UEFI • UEFI is a Firmware Specification, NOT a Firmware Implementation!

15. UEFI BIOS • Unified Extensible Firmware Interface - Based on Intel’s EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface) • A defined standard - Implemented by the manufacturers • Designed to replace the legacy BIOS - Need a modern BIOS for modern computers

16. UEEFI advantages • Boot from large (>2.2 TB) GUID partition table (GPT) disks -Also supports FAT and removable media • Includes a pre-boot environment -This isn’t an Operating System -Has its own shell, drivers, and applications -Browse the Internet, backup a storage drive -Remote diagnostics, even without an OS

17. Non-volatile BIOS memory • Store the BIOS configuration -Your settings • Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) -A type of memory -May be backed up with a battery • Usually flash memory these days -Easily stored and accessed

18. The “CMOS” battery • Not needed for today’s flash-based storage -Maintains older BIOS configurations -May only be used to maintain date/time • A bad battery will require a BIOS configuration on every boot

19. How to get into BIOS setting? (Legacy / UEFI)

20. • Launching the system Setup Secret Button(s) Esc , F1 ,F2, del e.t.c • Microsoft Virtual PC (Win 7 ), Hyper-v ( Win 8 ) -https://www.Microsoft.com/hyper-v - https://support.Microsoft.com/ en -us/kb/958559 • Vmware Workstation Player - http://www.vmware.com/products/player • But not Virtual Box - http://www.virtualbox.org

21. Configuration component information RAM -View and configure memory settings • Hard drive / SSD -Drive Settings • Optical Drive -Enable / Disable • CPU -CPU types

22. More features of BIOS • Built-in diagnostics : -Part of BIOS –Always available • Runs from the BIOS menu - no additional media or software required • Focused on hardware checks - Doesn’t touch the operating system

23. UEFI BIOS

24. BIOS Security

25. BIOS password BIOS Security BIOS password • BIOS Password / User Password-System won’t start -Need the password to start the operating sysmah • Supervisor Password -Restricts BIOS changes -Must use supervisor password to change any BIOS Configurations

26. BIOS password • BIOS Password / User Password -System won’t start - Need the password to start the operati ng system • Supervisor Password - Restricts BIOS changes -Must use supervisor password to change any BIOS Configurations

27. Full disk encryption • Everything is encrypted -Not just individual files • Windows BitLocker disk encryption -BIOS integrates with TPM • TPM – Trusted Platform Module -Can be added to the motherboard - Built into some systems -Adds advanced cryptographic functions

28. LoJack for Laptops • Originally Called CompuTrace • Built into the BIOS - Software installed into the OS - Reinstalls itself if removed or new storage drive installed • “Phone home” function - Provides location information • Theft mode -Remotely lock the laptop and/or delete files -Forces a start-up password

29. Secure Boot • Malicious software can “own” your system -Malicious drivers or OS software's • Secure Boot -Part of the UEFI specification • Digitally sign known-good software - cryptographically secure - Software won’t run without the proper signature • Supports in many different Operating Systems - Windows 8,8.1,10, Windows Server 2012 and 2012 R2 - Linux Fedora, Open SUSE, Ubuntu

30. Advantages of UEFI over BIOS • Support for HDD partitions larger than 2TB • Supports more than 4 partitions on a drive • Fast Booting • Efficient Power and System Management • Robust Reliability and fault management • Backward compatibility • Mimics BIOS – Legacy Mode

31. How to update your BIOS? • Step 1: Identify your motherboard. • Step 2: Visit your motherboard's website. • Step 3: Download the latest BIOS ( uefi ) • Step 4: Use your USB stick. • Step 5: Reboot and enter your BIOS (UEFI) • Step 6: Execute the BIOS update.

32. Conclusion This post gave you an overview of the differences between BIOS and UEFI. It also advises you when to choose either one of them and how they are different from each other.