Biosensors in Aquatic Environment Toxicity Assessment, Ecolabelling, and Traceability.pptx

Biosensors, ecolabeling, and traceability are indispensable tools for promoting sustainability across sectors like environmental monitoring and seafood production. Biosensors enable proactive pollution mitigation, while ecolabeling empowers consumers to support responsible practices. Traceability ensures the safety and ethical sourcing of seafood, enhancing transparency and accountability. Through collaboration and innovation, stakeholders can build resilient supply chains and preserve marine ecosystems for a sustainable future.

1. College of Fisheries Science Kamdhenu University Department of Aquaculture Sub: Aquaculture Ecosystem Management and Climate Change (AQC 603) Submitted By Rajesh V. Chudasama, Reg. No. 231303002, Ph.D. (AQC), 1 st Sem. COF-VRL, KU. Submitted To Dr. N. H. Joshi, Associated Professor, COF-VRL, KU. 1

2. Biosensors in Aquatic Environment Toxicity Assessment, Ecolabelling, and Traceability

3. Environmental pollution is a significant global issue. Caused by various harmful substances released due to industrial development, urbanization, and population growth . Pollutants are diverse and impact air, soil, and water, affecting ecosystems and human health. 3

4. Need for Screening Methods Difficulty in predicting the collective effects of increasing pollutants. Importance of screening methods in environmental monitoring. Two-part approach: i. High-throughput analysis for continuous monitoring. ii. Confirmatory analytical techniques for positive samples. 4

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6. What is a Biosensor? An analytical device for detecting analytes. Combines a biological component with a physiochemical detector. Functionality of Biosensors Provides qualitative or quantitative results. Converts biological signals into electrical, optical, or thermal signals. 6

7. Components of a Biosensor Biological component: Recognizes the analyte. Physiochemical detector: Converts biological signal into a detectable signal. 7

8. First Animal Biosensors Canary yellow Old-time 'Coal Miners' Biosensor African clawed frog Detects earthquakes (as far as 74 km) Has melanophores, which allow them to change color in the presence of bacterial pathogens Chinook Salmon Also has melanophores which rapidly detect human pathogens 8

9. Brief History of Biosensors Discovered by Leland C. Clark in 1962 1962 - Clark's biosensor was designed to measure glucose levels using an enzyme electrode 1969 - First potentiometric biosensor 1970 - Fiber Optic Sensor 1980 - First Surface Plasmon Resonance Immunosensor (SPR) 1990 – SPR- and handheld biosensors Current-Quantum dots, nanoparticles 9

10. Working Principle of Biosensors A biosensor is a device that detects, records, and transmits information regarding a biological process or change. Its principle lies in the interaction between a biological element (such as cells, enzymes, antibodies, etc.) and a physicochemical transducer. 10

11. Components of Biosensors A. Biological Recognition Element: Core of the biosensor. Examples: enzymes, antibodies, DNA, whole cells. B. Transducer: Converts recognition event into a measurable signal. Types: optical, electrochemical 11

12. C. Specificity: Biological element must be highly specific to the target analyte. Ensures accurate detection without interference from other substances. D. Sensitivity: Biosensor should detect even small concentrations of the target analyte. Ensures accurate and reliable detection. 12

13. F. Response Time Biosensor should provide a rapid response to changes in analyte concentration. Enables real-time monitoring. E. Stability Both biological element and transducer must maintain functionality over time. Ensures consistent and reliable performance. 13

14. G. Portability Biosensors are often small, portable, and easily integrated into devices or systems. Allows for on-site or point-of-care testing. H. Applications Medical Diagnostics Environmental Monitoring Food Safety Bioprocessing 14

15. Types of Biosensors 15 The types of biosensors, classified based on the type of biological element used and the transduction method:

16. 1. Enzyme-Based Biosensors : Utilize enzymes as the biological sensing element. Highly specific to their substrates. Examples: Glucose biosensors using glucose oxidase. 16 Based on Biological Elements

17. 17 2. Immunological Biosensors (Immunosensors): Use antibodies or antigens to detect target molecules. High specificity and affinity for target analytes. Examples: Sensors for detecting pathogens or toxins. FASTest ® Aquaculture Pathogen Kits Manufacturer: Megacor Diagnostik Application: Rapid detection of various pathogens in aquaculture, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. How it Works: Lateral flow immunoassays that provide fast results, often within 10-15 minutes, for the on-site detection of pathogens.

18. 18 3. DNA Biosensors ( Genosensors ) : Employ nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) for target detection. Can identify genetic material of pathogens or genetic mutations. Examples: Biosensors for detecting specific DNA sequences.

19. 19 4 . Cell-Based Biosensors : Use whole cells as the sensing element. Cells respond to environmental changes or specific substances. Examples: Sensors for environmental monitoring or drug testing. 5 . Aptamer-Based Biosensors : Use aptamers (short DNA or RNA molecules) that bind to specific targets. Can detect a wide range of molecules including proteins and small molecules. Examples: Aptamer-based sensors for therapeutic drug monitoring

20. 20 6. Microbial Biosensors : Utilize microorganisms as the biological sensing component. Microorganisms respond to various chemical substances. Examples: Biosensors for detecting environmental pollutants .

21. 1. Electrochemical Biosensors : Detect changes in electrical properties (current, voltage, impedance) due to biochemical reactions. Types: Amperometric , potentiometric, conductometric. Examples: Blood glucose meters, lactate sensors. 21 Based on Transduction Methods

22. 2 . Optical Biosensors: Measure changes in light properties (absorption, fluorescence, luminescence) due to interactions between the analyte and the biological element. Types: Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fluorescence-based sensors. Examples: DNA microarray detectors, immunoassays. 22

23. 3. Piezoelectric Biosensors : Detect changes in mass or mechanical properties that alter the frequency of a piezoelectric crystal. Measure mass change on a sensor surface. Examples: Biosensors for detecting pathogens in food or water. 23

24. Dissolved Oxygen Glass tube KCl electrolyte AgCl electrode Teflon membrane Platinum electrode O ring The detection of DO mainly includes the Clark electrode method (Tai et al., 2016). 17

25. Potentiometric pH measurement. Usually these sensors are made of pH glass electrodes with AgCl reference electrodes which is used to measure the pH value of water (Aakash, 2019). 23 pH Sensor

26. 4 . Thermal Biosensors (Calorimetric Biosensors) : Measure changes in temperature due to biochemical reactions. Thermal changes are correlated with the concentration of the analyte. Examples: Sensors for monitoring metabolic activity of cells. 26 5. Magnetic Biosensors: Detect changes in magnetic properties or use magnetic particles as labels. Useful in environments where optical and electrochemical methods are challenging. Examples: Magnetic nanoparticle-based assays for biomolecule detection.

27. Biosensors Used in Environmental Pollution Monitoring Gas biosensors: Sulphur dioxide, Methane, Carbon dioxide Microbial biosensors: Thiobacillus - SO 2 , Methane m ethalomonas , Pseudomonas Immunoassay biosensors: Triazines, Malathion, and Carbamates BOD biosensor: (BOD) detect the levels of organic pollution. This requires five days of incubation but a BOD biosensor using the yeast Trichosporon cutaneum with oxygen probe takes only 15 minutes to detect organic pollution. 27

28. Applications of Biosensors in Detection of Aquatic Toxicity Microtox and Tox Alert Microtox and Tox Alert are both examples of biosensors that utilize luminescent bacteria, specifically Vibrio fischeri Bioluminescent bacteria, to assess the toxicity of various substances in aquatic environments. These bacteria emit light (luminescence) as part of their natural metabolic processes. When they encounter toxins or pollutants in the water, their metabolic activity is affected, leading to changes in bioluminescence. 28

29. Heavy Metals Importance of determining Cu, Cd, Hg, and Zn in the environment. Recombinant luminescent bacterial sensors for bioavailable fraction detection. Example: Pseudomonas fluorescens OS8 for mercury and arsenite detection. 29

30. Cell Sense "Cell Sense" is an amperometric biosensor, which means it detects the presence of certain substances by measuring changes in electrical current. The sensor is designed with electrodes that come into contact with the sample being tested. E. coli bacterial cells are integrated into the sensor's design. These bacterial cells are highly sensitive to various environmental factors and can respond to the presence of contaminants or toxins in the sample. C ontaminants in the water are harmful, they can affect the metabolic activity of the E. coli cells. This alteration in metabolic activity triggers a physiological response in the E. coli cells, which can include changes in their electrical properties. These changes are detected as variations in electrical current by the electrodes of the biosensor. Application in determining non-ionic surfactants and benzene sulfonate compounds . 30

31. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Universal environmental pollutants with high toxicity. DNA Biosensors : These biosensors use a molecule called DNA to catch PCBs. When PCBs are caught, they cause a change in electrical signals, which we can measure easily. Immunosensors : Fluorescence Detection : This method uses antibodies to PCBs. When PCBs are present, these antibodies light up, making it easy to see. Electrochemical Detection : Measure changes in electricity caused by the interaction between PCBs and special antibodies. 31

32. Antibiotics The Bioluminescent Bioreporter Integrated Circuit (BBIC) biosensor uses genetically modified bacteria that emit light in response to specific antibiotics. When the antibiotic is present in water, it triggers the bacteria to produce bioluminescence, which is measured to determine antibiotic concentration. This biosensor offers specificity, sensitivity, and real-time monitoring, making it useful for detecting antibiotic contamination in water. The bacteria commonly used in the BBIC biosensor are often strains of Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas putida , genetically modified to contain the necessary genetic constructs for antibiotic detection. 32

33. Phenol Phenolic compounds like phenol originate from both natural sources, like plants, and human activities, including industries. It is toxic to aquatic life and can harm human health. Biosensors, like those with tyrosinase, detect phenol by measuring electrical currents generated during its oxidation. 33

34. Toxins Aquatic toxins are a diverse group of substances that can harm organisms living in water by interfering with their biochemical processes. Optical Sensors for Aflatoxin B : These sensors work like tiny eyes that can "see" aflatoxin B, a toxin produced by molds that grow on food. When aflatoxin B is present, these sensors change color or brightness, making it easy to detect and measure the toxin in water or food samples. Potentiometric Sensors for Saxitoxin and Ricin : These sensors work by detecting changes in electrical signals when they come into contact with saxitoxin or ricin, two harmful toxins found in certain algae and plants. The sensors can measure these changes and indicate the presence and concentration of the toxins, helping to keep water safe from contamination. 34

35. Nitrate Nitrate levels in water are rising due to factors like agriculture and industry. Biosensors offer a solution for nitrate detection: Denitrifying Biosensors for Tap Water : Use bacteria to convert nitrate to nitrogen gas. Monitor changes in gas or current to measure nitrate levels. Ideal for real-time monitoring in tap water systems. Microscale Biosensors for In-Site Monitoring : Portable devices for on-the-spot nitrate detection. Utilize sensitive detection methods like electrochemistry or optics. Suitable for monitoring nitrate in various water sources. 35

36. Surfactants Presence and detection of surfactants in water. Biosensors for surfactant detection: Amperometric biosensors with bacterial elements. When surfactants are present in the water sample, they interact with the bacterial elements, resulting in changes in the electrical current flowing through the electrode. Alkanes, Aromatic Compounds, and PAHs Contamination of water sources with petroleum products. Biosensors for detection of alkanes and aromatic compounds. Example: Fluorescent protein-based biosensors for PAHs. 36

37. Ecolabelling Promoting Environmental Responsibility in the Seafood Industry 37

38. Purpose: Certifying seafood products and aquaculture operations based on environmental sustainability and social responsibility. Providing consumers with transparent information to promote sustainable seafood consumption. Enhancing consumer awareness and informed decision-making. Encouraging fisheries and aquaculture operations to adopt sustainable practices. Contributing to the conservation of marine ecosystems and seafood stocks. 38

39. Promoting Sustainable Fishing Practices By certifying fisheries that adhere to sustainable fishing practices. Eco-labelling helps reduce overfishing and minimize the impact on marine ecosystems. Importance of Eco-Labeling in Seafood and Aquaculture Sustainability 39

40. Encouraging Responsible Aquaculture Methods Incentives for aquaculture operations to minimize environmental impacts and reduce chemical/antibiotic use. Ensuring welfare of farmed fish. 40

41. Educating Consumers Importance of eco-labels in providing clear information to consumers. Empowering consumers to make informed choices and support sustainable fisheries/aquaculture. 41

42. Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Focus: Certifying wild-capture fisheries. Standards: Rigorous sustainability criteria including fish stock health and effective management practices. Label: Blue MSC eco-label. Recognition: Widely recognized globally. Global Certification Bodies for Eco-Labeling 42

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47. Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) Focus: Certifying responsible aquaculture operations. Standards: Address environmental and social impacts such as water quality and labour conditions. Label: ASC logo. Coverage: Farms producing finfish, shellfish, and seaweed. 47

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51. Friend of the Sea (FOS) Scope: Certifying both wild-caught fisheries and aquaculture operations. Coverage: Wide range of species and production methods including seafood, fishmeal, and omega-3 supplements. Label: Friend of the Sea logo. Evaluation: Sustainability performance assessment. 51

52. Naturland Association promoting organic and sustainable agriculture. Standards: Emphasize organic principles, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem protection. Label: Naturland logo. Focus: Ensuring environmentally friendly and socially responsible aquaculture practices. 52

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54. I. Emergence of Environmental Concerns Late 20 th century: Increasing awareness of environmental issues in seafood and aquaculture. II. Early Eco- Labeling Initiatives Late 1980s: Dolphin-Safe label addresses dolphin mortality in tuna fishing. Initial steps towards eco- labeling in seafood to address specific concerns. History of Eco-Labeling 54

55. III. Founding of Key Certification Programs MSC established in 1997, setting standards for sustainable wild-caught fisheries. ASC established in 2010, developing criteria for responsible aquaculture practices. IV. Market Shift Towards Sustainability (2000s) Increasing consumer and retailer demand for sustainable seafood. Eco- labeled products gain market recognition and advantages. V. Global Expansion of Eco- Labeling (2000s) MSC and ASC programs adopted globally, endorsed by major industry players. 55

56. Traceability 56

57. Aquaculture, the farming of aquatic organisms, has become an increasingly vital component of global food production, contributing significantly to meeting the rising demand for seafood. However, concerns regarding sustainability, food safety, and ethical practices have prompted the need for robust traceability systems within the aquaculture and seafood industry. 57

58. Food Safet y Ensuring the safety and quality of seafood products is paramount for consumer health. Traceability allows for the identification of the origin and journey of seafood products, facilitating rapid responses to food safety incidents and minimizing the risk of foodborne illnesses. 58

59. Sustainability Traceability enables the monitoring of environmental impacts associated with aquaculture operations, such as habitat destruction and pollution. By tracing the source of seafood products, stakeholders can implement sustainable practices and reduce negative environmental consequences. 59

60. Consumer Confidence Transparent supply chains build trust among consumers by providing information about the production methods, fishing practices, and handling processes involved in bringing seafood products to market. Traceability enhances consumer confidence in the safety, authenticity, and ethical sourcing of seafood. 60

61. Challenges in Implementing Traceability Complex Supply Chains: Indeed, the intricacies of aquaculture and seafood supply chains present significant challenges in tracking products effectively. Coordination among stakeholders becomes crucial. 61

62. Data Standardization: The lack of standardized data formats can impede the seamless flow of information. Establishing common protocols is vital for interoperability. Resource Constraints: Especially in smaller operations and developing nations, resource limitations can hinder the adoption of traceability systems. Initiatives to provide support and build capacity are essential. 62

63. Solutions to Enhance Traceability Technological Innovations Emerging technologies such as blockchain, RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification), and IoT (Internet of Things) offer promising solutions for enhancing traceability in aquaculture and seafood supply chains. These technologies enable real-time monitoring, data sharing, and transparency throughout the supply chain. 63

64. Blockchain Technology Provides a decentralized and immutable ledger for recording transactions. Tracks the movement of seafood products from source to consumer. Creates transparent and tamper-proof records, reducing the risk of fraud or counterfeit products. 64

65. RFID and IoT Sensors RFID tags and IoT sensors collect real-time data on location, temperature, humidity, etc. Embedded in packaging or attached to individual seafood products. Enables precise monitoring of product conditions during transportation and storage. 65

66. Mobile Applications Empowers consumers to access detailed information about seafood products. Provides data on origin, species, harvesting method, and environmental impact. Facilitates direct communication between producers and consumers, fostering transparency and trust. 66

67. Regulatory Frameworks Governments and regulatory bodies are pivotal in establishing and enforcing traceability requirements. Mandating traceability standards, labeling, and documentation fosters compliance and accountability. 67

68. International Standards Guidelines from organizations like FAO and WHO set global benchmarks for seafood traceability. These standards streamline trade, bolster food safety, and promote sustainable fisheries management worldwide. 68

69. Traceability Legislation Governments enact laws mandating traceability systems for seafood producers and processors. Stringent record-keeping curtails illegal fishing and seafood fraud, enhancing accountability. 69

70. Certification Schemes MSC and ASC certification rigorously verify sustainability and traceability of seafood. Compliance underscores dedication to responsible sourcing, bolstering consumer trust and market access. 70

71. Industry Collaboration Collaboration among industry players, government agencies, NGOs, and academia is crucial for enhancing traceability. Supply Chain Integration Collaborative efforts streamline traceability by integrating supply chain data systems. Interoperable platforms enable real-time data exchange, enhancing visibility and efficiency. 71

72. Supply Chain Transparency Full Lifecycle Traceability ensures tracking from farm to fork, identifying potential risks. Traceability Beyond Borders requires global cooperation to harmonize standards and combat fraud. Data Analytics and AI offer insights for proactive risk management and performance optimization. 72

73. Capacity Building Training and support from industry associations and NGOs empower small-scale producers to adopt traceability technologies. Investment in education and infrastructure facilitates compliance and access to premium markets. 73

74. Public-Private Partnerships PPPs unite stakeholders to combat illegal fishing and seafood fraud. Collaboration drives systemic change and achieves common goals in the seafood industry. 74

75. Institutes Promoting Traceability in Aquaculture and Seafood Products Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) International Seafood Sustainability Foundation (ISSF) Seafood Watch Global Dialogue on Seafood Traceability (GDST) National Fisheries Institute (NFI) 75

76. Conclusion Biosensors, ecolabeling, and traceability are indispensable tools for promoting sustainability across sectors like environmental monitoring and seafood production. Biosensors enable proactive pollution mitigation, while ecolabeling empowers consumers to support responsible practices. Traceability ensures the safety and ethical sourcing of seafood, enhancing transparency and accountability. Through collaboration and innovation, stakeholders can build resilient supply chains and preserve marine ecosystems for a sustainable future. 76

77. References Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC). (n.d.). About ASC. Retrieved from https://www.asc-aqua.org/about-asc/ Barceló, D., & Hansen, P. D. (Eds.). (2009).  Biosensors for the Environmental Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Bioanalytical and Chemical Methods for Endocrine Disruptors  (Vol. 5). Springer. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2019). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 - Meeting the sustainable development goals. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/ca0253en/CA0253EN.pdf Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2020). Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/ca9229en/CA9229EN.pdf Gardiner, P. R., & Viswanathan, K. K. (2004).  Ecolabelling and fisheries management  (Vol. 1714). WorldFish. Giacomarra, M., Crescimanno, M., Vrontis, D., Pastor, L. M., & Galati, A. (2021). The ability of fish ecolabels to promote a change in the sustainability awareness.  Marine Policy ,  123 , 104292. 77

78. Gill, A. (2018). Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications. In P. Saravanan, D. Chaudhary, & J. Shetty (Eds.), Blockchain Technology: Applications in Healthcare, Supply-Chain Management, and Finance (pp. 1-15). Springer. Gunningham , N., & Sinclair, D. (2018). Regulating Fisheries: How Effective Is the Marine Stewardship Council? Marine Policy, 97, 187-194. Kirby, D. S., Visser, C., & Hanich , Q. (2014). Assessment of eco-labelling schemes for Pacific tuna fisheries.  Marine Policy ,  43 , 132-142. Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). (n.d.). About MSC. Retrieved from https://www.msc.org/about-msc Newton, J. (2018). The Promise of Blockchain Technology in Seafood Traceability. Ocean & Coastal Management, 162, 88-95. Parker, D., & Tyedmers , P. (2015). Fuel consumption of global fishing fleets: current understanding and knowledge gaps. Fish and Fisheries, 16(4), 684-696. 78

79. Roheim , C. A., & Wessells , C. R. (2001).  Product certification and ecolabelling for fisheries sustainability  (No. 422). Food & Agriculture Org. The Global Dialogue on Seafood Traceability. (2020). Traceability: A Practical Guide for the Seafood Industry. Retrieved from https://traceability-dialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/GDST-Practical-Guide-2020.pdf Van der Lelie , D., Corbisier , P., Baeyens , W., Wuertz, S., Diels, L., & Mergeay , M. (1994). The use of biosensors for environmental monitoring.  Research in microbiology ,  145 (1), 67-74. World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Food Safety and Foodborne Illness. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety-and-foodborne-illnessS 79

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