Biotechnology_Class12_PPT for biology.pptx

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1. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class 12 - CBSE Prepared by: [Your Name] Class XII, Roll No. [Your Roll]

2. Introduction Definition: Use of living organisms for human welfare. Scope: Medicine, agriculture, industry, environment. Father of Biotechnology: Louis Pasteur.

3. Historical Background 1675: Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria. 1855: E. coli discovered. 1919: Term 'Biotechnology' coined by Karl Ereky. 1970s: Recombinant DNA technology developed. 1997: Dolly the sheep cloned.

4. Core Techniques Genetic Engineering: Altering DNA/RNA to change phenotype. Maintenance of sterile conditions for pure cultures.

5. Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology Restriction enzymes (cut DNA at specific sites). Cloning vectors (plasmids, phages, Ti plasmid). Competent hosts (E. coli, plant/animal cells).

6. Restriction Enzymes Discovered in 1963 from E. coli. Types: Exonuclease, Endonuclease. Recognize palindromic sequences. Create sticky ends joined by DNA ligase.

7. Separation and Isolation of DNA DNA fragments separated using Gel Electrophoresis. Ethidium bromide stains DNA, visualized under UV light. Fragments extracted by elution.

8. Cloning Vectors Features: Origin of replication, selectable markers, cloning sites. Examples: pBR322, Ti plasmid, retroviruses. Selectable markers: Antibiotic resistance genes.

9. Competent Hosts and Gene Transfer Heat shock with CaCl2 method in bacteria. Microinjection into animal cells. Biolistics (gene gun) in plants. Agrobacterium-mediated transfer in plants.

10. Process of Recombinant DNA Technology Isolation of DNA. Cutting with restriction enzymes. Ligation with vector DNA. Introduction into host organism. Selection and multiplication of recombinants.

11. Isolation of Genetic Material Cell walls digested with enzymes (lysozyme, cellulase, chitinase). RNA removed by RNase, proteins by protease. DNA precipitated using chilled ethanol.

12. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Denaturation: DNA strands separated by heating. Annealing: Primers bind to DNA template. Extension: Taq polymerase synthesizes new strands.

13. Bioreactors Provide optimum growth conditions. Types: Stirred-tank, airlift bioreactors. Used for large-scale production of recombinant products.

14. Downstream Processing Separation and purification of products. Formulation with preservatives. Clinical trials for safety and effectiveness.

15. Applications of Biotechnology Agriculture: Bt cotton, GM crops. Medicine: Insulin, vaccines, gene therapy. Environment: Bioremediation, biofuels.

16. Future Prospects Genome editing (CRISPR). Personalized medicine. Green biotechnology for sustainability.

17. Conclusion Biotechnology combines biology and technology. Has immense potential in health, agriculture, and environment.

18. Thank You Questions are Welcome!