Biotic and biotic factor of environment

Abiotic factor and biotic factor

1. Department of Zoology Comparative Account of Evolution of Aortic Arches Submitted By Rohan Patidar

2. Synopsis Introduction Ecosystem Biotic factor Abiotic factor Refrence

3. Ecosystem The term ecosystem was coined by A.G Tansley , an English botanist in 1935. Ecosystem is known as both structural and functional units of the environment where both biotic and abiotic factors interact with each other to form a complete ecosystem. Thus we can say that ecosystems are made up of two components: they are biotic factors and abiotic factors and both these factors are equally important to maintain stability in the ecosystem.

4. Abiotic factor It is the non-living part of an environment. It includes all the physical and chemical aspects of an ecosystem These factors may be present in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere For example, Rainfall contributes to tropical rainforest ecosystems, sand in desert ecosystems and water, salinity, ocean currents, pressure in the marine ecosystem.

5. Water
Sunlight
Temperature
Soil
Atmosphere
pH
Air Humidity
Wind
Elevation Abiotic factors include:

6. Water If there is no water, life on earth is not possible. Water is an essential abiotic factor. Not only plants but animals even tiny micro-organisms also need water for their survival. In the absence of water, plants will die, i.e producers will die. Even the plants in the desert require some amount of water. Sunlight Sunlight is the major source of energy.
Plants require sunlight for the photosynthesis process. It is the process by which plants make oxygen and food using carbondioxide and water and make it available for the animals.

7. Temperature Temperature is an important abiotic factor in an ecosystem. With the variations in the temperature, variations occur in the type of plants and animals. For eg : Yak lives in cold regions where there is low temperature. Nature has adjusted the body like the presence of long furs which make it possible to survive. The temperature determines the rate of the metabolic reactions. It affects various enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

8. Soil Soil is an important abiotic factor. It is made up of rocks along with the decomposed plants and animals. With the help of the roots, plants acquire the water and minerals from the soil. Soil are also of various types, whose nature and composition vary and have different functions. The water holding capacity is also determined by its composition. In the aquatic environment, depending upon the characteristics of the sediment, it determines the type of the benthic animals

9. Biotic factors Biotic factors include living things like plants, animals, bacteria, etc. It is divided into three main groups; Producers
Consumers
Decomposers

10. Producers Producers are known as autotrophs. By the use of inorganic materials and energy, they prepare their own food. It is considered the first life form. It is because, in the early days of origin, there were no consumers to feed on. There are two major classes of producers. Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs

11. Photoautotrophs They use sunlight as the source of energy and carbondioxide as the source of carbon. They mostly use the pigment, chlorophyll for capturing the photon from the sun. Similarly, there are also pigments like rhodopsin and carotenoids which are found in some bacteria, algae, and phytoplankton. They are used for photosynthesis. Later they produce essential things like sugar, protein, lipids, etc. Examples: Green plants, green algae, and some bacteria

12. They use chemical agents like hydrogen, iron, and sulfur as the source of energy.  They are usually found in places where the plants cannot grow.  They are found at bottom of the ocean or in acidic hot springs. They are also involved in nitrogen fixation. Example of Chemoautotrophs: Methanogens. They are the microorganism which are capable of making the methane gas.  Chemoautotrophs

13. Consumers They are also known as heterotrophs.
They don’t prepare their own food by themselves as the producers. It includes all the heterotrophs. Herbivores : Animals like a cow, buffalo, the goat which depend directly on plants for food. They are primary consumers. Carnivores : Animals like lions, tigers, which are flesh-eating animals. They depend on the herbivores for food. They are secondary consumers. Omnivores : Animals like dog, cat which eat depend on both the plants and animals

14. Decomposers They are also known as detritivores . They use organic compounds as the source of energy from the producers and consumers. In an ecosystem, decomposers play a vital role, as the complex substances are broken down into simpler forms. Such a simpler form can be further utilized again by the other organisms. It includes different soil bacteria, fungi, worms, and flies. When the animals die they get decomposed because of decomposers. Even plants, fruits start rotting, it’s because of decomposers.

15. Decomposers play the important role in metabolizing waste products. Example of decomposer: Mushroom For example, Composting

In our daily life, different wastes are obtained from the kitchen.
The leftover foods, fruits, vegetables, etc. They are collected separately and put in a pile.
After some time, it yields the fertilizer which is organic and of high quality which can be used in the field.

16. Refrence Clark : Elements of ecology, Odom : Fundamentals of Ecology, South Woods : Ecological methods, Trivedi and Goel : Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies

17. Thank you