Bitter glycosides

bitter glycosides as per GTU for sem - 5 students

1. Bitter Glycosides

2. kalmegh Synonym : Kalmegh , king of bitter, chiretta Hindi - kiryeti , marathi – kadu , kirayata B.S.: it consist of leaves or entire aerial part of Andrographis Paniculata Nees Family :  Acanthaceae Geographical Source: Southeast Asia, includes India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan , etc Indonesia, cultivated in China, Thailand, east and west Indies, Mauritius

3. Cultivation & Collection: It is propagated from seeds. in India it is cultivated in rainy season ( kharif crop). it can be cultivated in any soil containing organic matters. planted at distance of 30 cm *15cm. no major insect and disease infection occurs to plant. at flowering stage after 90-120 days after cultivation ,it is cut at base leaving 10-15 cm stem for plant regeneration. 50-60 days after first harvesting ,final harvest is performed

4. Morphology: colour - leaves are dark green, flowers are rose colour Odour - odourless Taste- intensly bitter Size- leaves 7cm*2.5cm, flowers 1.8 cm length Shape- leaves are lanceolate , petilolate with entire margin and acuminate (Tapering gradually to a sharp point)apex. Venation is unicostate (only one primary or prominent rib, midrib ) reticulate(divide in such a way as to resemble a net or network.)

5. Chemical CONSTITUENTS: Bitter principles- andrographolide ,( bicyclic diterpenoid lactone ) kalmeghin Andrographolide Uses: Bitter tonic, Anthelmintic , Febrifuge, astringent, antityphoid , antibiotic, hepatoprotective Adultrant : Andrographis echioides

6. Gentian Synonym- Yellow Gentiana , radix gentianae , bitter root, felwort B.S: It is dried partially fermented rhizome and root of yellow gentian i.e Gentiana Lutea (king & yellow) Family: Gentianaceae G.S.: Central & south europe , Turkey, Asia

7. Macroscopic characteristics colour - rhizomes are yellowish-brown Odour - peculiar( different) Taste- sweet taste followed by intense bitter Fracture- short and smooth in dried drug but tough and flexible in moist drug Chemical constituents: Bitter glycoside – Gentiopicrin ( gentiopicroside ) Others- Amarogentin (bitter ), amaroswerin , gentioside , Gentinin , Gentisin ( yellow colour flavonoid ), Gentisic acid, Gentianose ( trisaccharide ) Gentibiose (disaccharide) sucrose

8. Chemical test under UV light gentian extract shows light blue Fluorescence Uses Bitter tonic & stomachic. Substituents : 1) G. Purpurea 2) Veretrum album 3) G. punctata 4) Rumex alpines 5) Indian gentian Adultrant : Frasera carolensis

9. Chirata Synonym- Indian gentian, indian balmony , bitter stick B.S: It consist of the entire herb of Swertia Chirata Family: Gentianaceae it contains not less than 1.3% bitter constituent G.S. : India, Bhutan

10. Morphology: Color : yellowish or purpulish brown Odour : odourless Taste: bitter Shape: cylindrical Size : 20-80 cm in length, 4-6 mm diameter Chemical constituents Chiritin , gentiopicrin , amarogentin , ophelic acid, gentinine , Gentiocrucine

11. Uses Extramely bitter tonic, digestive, stimulant, lowers fever, Dyspepsia(indigestion) Antidiarrhoel Antimalerial Laxative & Asthama Adultrant : S. angustifolia , S. alata , S. trichoma

12. Picrorhiza (Indian Gentian) Synonym- Kami, hindi- kuru or kutki, marathi- kali, katuki B.S. : It consist of dried rhizome of Picrorhiza Kurroa royle ex benth Family: Scrophulariaceae G.S.: India

13. Morphological characteristic Colour - greyish brown Odour - slightly unpleasant Taste- bitter Size : 1.5-6 cm long, 0.3-1.0 in diameter Extra features- cylindrical, straight or curved, wrinkled longitudinally Chemical constituents Picrorhizin , kutkin , picroside -I,II,III, D- mannitol , vanillic acid, Kurrin , kutkiol , kutkisterolphenolic kutkoside phenolic glycosides- picein , androsin

14. Uses Cathartic, Stomachic Antiperiodic ( prevent recurrence of disease) Febrifuge antimalerial , Jaundice ( hepatoprotactive ) emetic antidote for dog bite abortifacient bitter tonic laxative

15. Quassia Synonym- Bitter wood, jamaica Quassia , bitter ash, picrasma , B.S. It is dried wood of stem of Aeschrion Excela ( Picroena Excela, or Picrasma Excela ) Family- Simarubaceae G.S.: West indies, jamica , guadelaupa , martinique , Barbados, St. Vincent

16. Morphological characteristics Colour - white but changes to yellow in air Odour - no taste- intense bitter Size: 30 cm in diameter Chemical constituents Quassin , isoqassin , neoquassin , volatile oil, scopoletin , Cathin Uses: Bitter tonic, stomachic, vermicide , slight narcotic in small dose increase appetite Allied Drug: Quassia amara (calcium Oxalate crystal Absent)