black gram

black gram Crop Cultivation

1. BLACKGRAM or (Urd bean)

2. మినుములు black Gram Scientific name: - Vigna mungo (Linn.) Hepper Family: - Fabaceae (Legumes)

3. Importance : Consumed as dhal or split seeds, husked or unhusked Chief constituent of papad. Haulms used as fodder. Husk and split beans are used as livestock feed. Possesses deep root system binds soil particles and prevent erosion. Also used as green manure crop. Contains 25% protein, 1.83% fat , 61% carbohydrate. Husked dal is ground in to a fine paste and allowed to ferment with rice flour to make dosa or Idli .

4. Origin: India is considered as primary centre of origin and Central Asia as the secondary centre of origin of blackgram.

5. Area, Production, Productivity PLACE AREA PRODUCTION PRODUCTIVITY 1. India 8.40 M.ha 7.06 M.tonnes 840 kg/ha 2. TS. 0.32 La.ha 18 tones 546 kg/ha.

6. SOIL AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT : Ideal soils with well drained loam or sandy loam. Generally grown in areas which receives annual rainfall of 800mm. It is a hardy and drought resistant plant and can be grown in areas receiving 650mm rainfall. Optimum temperature for better growth ranges between 25-35oC but it can tolerate up to 42oC. Grown from sea level to 1800m. Optimum pH range is 5.5 to 7.5.

7. Seasons and varieties: Grown as Kharif and summer crop in North India but in South and South west, it is also grown as rabi crop. In TS & A.P: Season Varieties Kharif LBG-20, LBG-623, WBG-26, T -9 Rabi (rice follow) : Krishna, LBG-611, LBG-22, LBG-648, LBG-685, LBG-645 Varieties resistant to yellowmosaic virus :UG-218, Pant-U19, DPV-88-31 Varieties resistant to downymildew : LBG-17, LBG-402, LBG-22, LBG-611

8. PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS OF BLACKGRAM: 1. Moisture stress: Generally kharif sown crop suffers from moisture stress due to intermittent dry spell during the growth phase. 2. Pre-harvest sprouting : Kharif sown crops mature in August or September. Usually crop is caught in rains at the time of harvest. Hence , there is a sprouting of seeds in the pods causing heavy losses both in terms of yield and quality. 3. Non-Synchronous maturity : It is usually harvested by pickings. Most of the varieties are non synchronous in maturity. Hence , harvesting is done in 2-3 pickings. 4. Susceptible to diseases : Major diseases in blackgram are yellow Mosaic virus , leaf crinkle, powdery mildew.

9. Seed and sowing : Seed rate Kharif – 15-18 kg/ha. Rabi - 18-20 kg/ha Rice follow - 40-45 kg/ha Spacing : Dibbling – 30x10cm. On wet land bunds dibble at 30cm spacing. Generally in TS & A.P – In rice fallows, pulses (blackgram and greengram) broadcast in standing crop of rice 2-3 days before the harvest uniformly at optimum moisture condition.

10. Seed Treatment: Seed purification can increase the percentage of sprouting, sturdiness, and pest resistance. Seed can be treated with cow urine, Jeevamrutham, Panchagavvya, Biofertilizers and Amruthapani .

11. Fertilizer application : Rainfed : 12.5 kg N + 25 kg P2O5/ha Irrigated : 25 kg N + 50 kg P2O5/ha. Foliar spray of DAP and NAA (rice follows) Spray 2% DAP at the time of first appearance of flower and 15 days later. Spray 40ppm NAA-at the time of first flowering and 15 days later.

12. Fertilizer in organic farming depends on the following factors: On nutrients such as those in the soil. On the nutrients from the rain. On top of the soil fertilizer. Above ground microorganisms (nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphorus, solubilizer bacteria, potash solubilizer). Depends on the nutrients sprayed on the crops. 10 tonnes of cattle manure per acre in the last Tillage. Spray the liquid Jeevamrutham once every 15 days. Spray 3% Panchagavvya at the time of Crop Season twice or thrice.

13. Irrigation: Not required for Kharif crop. For Rabi crop 1. Irrigate immediately after sowing followed by life saving irrigation on third day. 2. Irrigate at interval of 10-15 day depending on soil moisture. 3. Flowering and pod formation are critical period for irrigation. 4. Avoid water stagnation at all stages.

14. Weed management: Weeding should be done 25-30 days after sowing.

15. Cropping systems and rotations: 1. Paddy followed by blackgram. 2. Paddy-paddy-blackgram. 3. Blackgram - Maghi Jowar (Khammam) 4. Blackgram – tobacco (black cotton soils) North India: Maize - Wheat – Blackgram. Maize – potato – Blackgram Paddy – Wheat – Blackgram.

16. Harvesting & threshing: Crop comes to maturity at 80-95 DAS. Upon ripening, blackgram pods turn from green to yellow and then to black. In case of irrigated crop, ripened pods can be collected in one or two pickings. If plants come to even harvest, then plants are cut and spread on threshing field to dry. The plants will dry and become black and pods start splitting. The plants are then beaten using sticks and separate seeds from pods followed by winnowing to remove debris.

17. Yield: Rainfed: 600 -700 kg/ha Irrigated: 1000-1300 kg/ha. Rice follows: 500 kg/ha.

18. Processing: 1. Dal milling: Dal milling is one of the major food processing industry and a there is net loss of 10-15% during milling. 2. Pulsing: Snack food prepared by heating and toasting/pulsing.

19. Thank you RVG