Bladder_Cancer_Presentation urology.pptx

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1. Bladder Cancer

2. Definition Bladder cancer is a malignant tumor arising from the epithelial lining of the bladder, most commonly transitional cell carcinoma ( urothelial carcinoma).

3. Epidemiology • Accounts for ~3% of all cancers worldwide • More common in men than women (3:1 ratio) • Peak incidence: 60–70 years • Risk factors: smoking, occupational exposure (aromatic amines, dyes), chronic irritation

4. Pathology • Most common type: Urothelial carcinoma (90%) • Others: Squamous cell carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma • Can present as papillary, nodular, or flat lesions • Tumor aggressiveness depends on grade and depth of invasion

5. Clinical Features • Painless gross hematuria (most common) • Irritative urinary symptoms: frequency, urgency, dysuria • Pelvic pain or flank pain (advanced disease) • Recurrent urinary tract infections

6. Diagnosis • Urine cytology: detection of malignant cells • Cystoscopy with biopsy (gold standard) • Imaging: ultrasound, CT urography, MRI • Tumor staging: TNM classification

7. Treatment • Non-muscle invasive: TURBT (transurethral resection of bladder tumor), intravesical BCG or chemotherapy • Muscle-invasive: Radical cystectomy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy • Advanced/metastatic: Systemic chemotherapy, immunotherapy (checkpoint inhibitors) • Radiation therapy in selected cases

8. Prognosis • Depends on stage, grade, and response to therapy • Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: relatively good prognosis with treatment • Muscle-invasive disease: poorer prognosis, risk of recurrence and metastasis • Regular follow-up required due to high recurrence rate