Blood grouping

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1. Advanced Academy     Subject -  Biology  T opic   Blood grouping Submited  to - Ms .  Mamta   Sharma  Submitted by  -   Rishi Soni XII B

2. Certificate T his is to certify that this Biology Investigatory Project on the topic “ Blood Grouping ” has been successfully completed by Rishi Soni of class XII- ‘B’ under the guidance of Ms. MAMTA SHARMA particular fulfilment of the curriculum of Central Board of  Secondary Education (CBSE) leading the award of annual  examination of the year 2022-23 ________ ________ ________ Internal Signature External Signature Principal Signature

3. Acknowledgment I have taken efforts in this project however it would not have been possible without the kind help and support of many individuals. I would like to thank my principAL mrs . Usha kiran Tomar  for providing me with facilities required to do my project . I am highly indebted to my teacher Mrs Mamta Sharma for her invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts in all stages of this project work. I also like to thank my parents for their continuous a support and encouragement might thanks appreciation also goes to my fellow classmates .

4. Serial number Topic Page no 1 Certificate 2 2 Acknowledgment 3 3 Blood grouping -introduction 6 4 Different blood group 7 5 ABO blood group system  9 6 Inheritance in ABO   13 7 Clinical application 16 8 Blood Typing 18 9 Blood Transfusiom 24 10 precaution 25 11 Hazards of blood transfusion 26 12 Bibliography 27 INDEX

5. Blood grouping

6. Introduction The term “blood group” refers to the entire blood group system comprising red blood cell (RBC) antigens whose specificity is controlled by a series of genes which can be allelic or linked very closely on the same chromosome. “Blood type” refers to a specific pattern of reaction to testing antisera within a given system. Over a period of time, our understanding on blood groups has evolved to encompass not only transfusion-related problems but also specific disease association with RBC surface antigens. Karl Landsteiner has been credited for the discovery of ABO blood group system in 1900.His extensive research on serology based on simple but strong scientific reasoning led to identification of major blood groups such as O, A, and B types, compatibility testing, and subsequent transfusion practise.

7. What are different blood group? The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. The antigens are located on the surface of the RBCS and the antibodies are in the blood plasma. Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules. The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parent.

8. There are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today The ABO and Rhesus (Rh) systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping oR agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals.

9. Classical Abo blood grouping system The most important is assuring a safe blood transfusion. Is based on presence or absence of a & b antigens On red cell membrane There are 4 blood groups according to this system A ; b ; ab ; O

10. Blood group a If you belong to the blood group a, you have a antigens On the surface of our rbcs And b antibodies in your blood plasma Blood Group B  If you belong to the blood group B antigens on the surface of our RBCs and A antibodies in your blood plasma  Blood group ab If you belong to the blood group ab, you have both a and b antigens an the surface of our RBCs and no a or b antibodies at all in our plasma BLOOD GROUB O IF ONE BELONG TO THE BLOOD GROUP O, ONE HAVE NEITHER A OR B ANTIGEN ON THE SURFACE OF OUR RBC BUT ONE HAVE BOTH A AND B ANTIBODIES IN YOUR BLOOD PLASMA

11. Individual produce antibodies to antigens they do not have The A and b antigens are also produced by some other plants and microorganisms.thus, individual who do not recognise one or more antigens as self will produce antibodies against the plant or microbial antigens These antibodies will also react with human antigens of the same kind wether introduced via transfusion or a tissue graft

12. Genetics & inheritance of abo system The abo gene locus is located on the chromosome 9 A and b blood grouped are dominant over the o blood group A and b group genes are co-dominat Each person has two copies of genes coding for their abo blood group (one maternal and paternal in origin )

13. Autosomal chromosome The alleles for Blood group are in the same place on the chromosome 9. However the genes have a different code giving the different blood group ONE ALLELE FROM MOTHER AND ONE FROM FATHER Mother Father A B

14. Possible blood group Parent allele A A AA B AB AO B AB AO BB AB BO OO

15. Clinical application of blood grouping In blood transfusion In preventing from hemolytic disease In paternity disputes In medicolegal classes In knowing suception of disease Group o - dudenal cancer Group a - carinoma of stomac

16. Blood Grouping Test

17. BLOOD TYPING  Blood typing is a method to tell what type of blood you have. Blood typing is done so you can safely donate your blood or receive a blood transfusion. It is also done to see if you have a substance called Rh factor on the surface of your red blood cells. Your blood type is based on whether or not certain proteins are on your red blood cells. These proteins are called antigens.

18. HOW THE TEST IS PERFORMED? A  blood sample  is needed. The test to  determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood. Then, the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together. If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies. The second step is called back typing. The liquid  part of your blood without cells (serum) is mixed with blood that is known to be type A and type B. People with type A blood have anti-B antibodies. People with type B blood have anti-A antibodies. Type O blood contains both types of antibodies. The 2 steps above can accurately determine your blood type. Rh typing uses a method similar to ABO typing. When blood typing is done to see if you have Rh factor on the surface of your red blood cells, the results will be one of these: Rh+ (positive), if you have this cell surface protein Rh- (negative), if you do not have this cell surface protein

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20. THE RISK OF BLOOD TYPING You will need to have your blood drawn in order to have it typed. Having your blood drawn carries very minimal risks, including: bleeding under the skin (hematoma) fainting or feeling lightheaded infection at the puncture site excessive bleeding

21. Materia required Toothpicks Blood sample Alcohol Swabs Lancet Clean glass slide Sterile cotton balls Biohazard disposal container Monoclonal Antibodies (Anti-A, B, and D)

22. Blood transfusion

23. Who can recieve blood from whom ? People with blood group o are called universal donor and people with blood group ab are called universal reciever O A A B B

24. Precautions Rh+ blood should never be given to Rh- person Donor's blood should always be screened Blood bottle should be checked Should be given at slow rate Proper aseptic measures should be followed Careful watch on recipient's condition

25. Hazards of blood transfusion 1. Mismatch transfusion reactions Agglutination Tissue ischemia Haemolysis Haemolytic jaundice c irc ulatory shock Renal vasoconstriction Haemoglobinuria Renal tubular damage Acute renal shutdown 2. Circulatoryy overload 3. Transmission of blood borne infection 4. Pirogenic recution 5. Allergic reaction 6. Hyperkalemia 7. Hypocalcemia 8. Reduces tissue oxygenation 9. Air embolism 10. Thrombophlebitis

26. Bibliography www.wikipedia.com www.slideshare.com www.ncib.nlh.nih.gov www.biologytoday.com NCERT class 11