Blood grouping and their significance

A blood group also called a Blood Type
Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs)
These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system.
The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system (or blood group system) in human blood transfusion.
ABO blood types are also present in some other animals for example rodents and apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas.

1. DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUPS & THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Chapter#11 Amjad Khan Afridi

2. A blood group also called a Blood Type Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system (or blood group system) in human blood transfusion. ABO blood types are also present in some other animals for example rodents and apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas. INTRODUCTION

3. Blood is a fluid connective tissue and the most crucial component of the circulatory system. In a healthy person, approximately 5 liters (12 pints) of blood circulates throughout their body. 

4. Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO Blood Group System in 1901. Discovered Rh Factor In 1930 a long w ith Alexander S. Wiener . Adriano Sturli and Alfred von Decastello who were working under Landsteiner discovered type- AB a year later in 1902 Karl Landsteine Landsteiner was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work. Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, O) in 1907, which remains in use today. Reuben Ottenberg successfully transfused blood between two people at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. He was the first person to record pre-transfusion testing for blood compatibility in a clinical setting. Later in 1954 he was the first to be awarded with Karl Landsteiner Award. HISTRY

5. LANDSTEINERS RULE If an antigen /agglutinogen is present on the red cell membrane of an individual, the corresponding antibody/agglutinin will be absent in the plasma. I f an antigen / agglutinogen is absent on the red cell membrane of an individual, the corresponding antibody / agglutinin will be present in the plasma.

6. MAJOR ABO RH (RHESUS) MINOR LEWIS DUFFY KIDD KELL L U T H E R AN Major & Minor Blood Groups

7. What is ABO blood group system? ABO blood group system, the classification of human blood based on the inherited properties of red blood cells (erythrocytes) as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells. Persons may thus have type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood. i.e , Blood containing red cells with “type A antigen” on their surface has in its serum (fluid) antibodies against “type B” red cells.

8. ABO blood group system If, in transfusion, type-B blood is injected into persons with type-A blood, the red cells in the injected blood will be destroyed by the antibodies in the recipient’s blood. In the same way, type-A red cells will be destroyed by anti-A antibodies in type-B blood. Type-O blood can be injected into persons with type A, B, or O blood unless there is incompatibility with respect to some other blood group system also present. Persons with type-AB blood can receive type A, B , or O blood. The test conducted to determine blood group system is called blood typing

9. ABO BLOOD GROUPING BLOOD GROUP - A If you belong to the blood group - A , you have antigens -A on the surface of your RBCs and antibodies -B in your blood plasma. BLOOD GROUP - B If you belong to the blood group - B , you have antigens -B on the surface your RBCs and antibodie s-A in your blood plasma.

10. ABO BLOOD GROUPING BLOOD GROUP- AB If you belong to the blood group- AB, you have both A and B antigens On the surface of your RBCs and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma. BLOOD GROUP- O If you belong to the blood group-O (null), You have neither A or B antigens on the Surface of your RBCs but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma .

11. PRINCIPLE OF BLOOD GROUPING Bl o od g r oupi n g is don e o n the b a si s of agg luti n ation . Ag g luti n ation means the collection of separate particles like RBCs into clumps or masses. Agglutination occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody which is called isoagglutinin , i.e. Occurs when A - antigen is mixed with anti body -A or when antigen -B is mixed with anti body -B . Almost all normal healthy individuals above 3-6 months of age have “ naturally occurring antibodys” to the ABO antigens that they lack. These antibodys termed naturally occurring because they were thought to arise without antigenic stimulation

12. Rh GROUPING It is the most important blood group system after ABO. All Rh antigens are controlled by 2 genes – RHD gene– determines expression of D , RHCE – encodes for C,c and E,e. RhD is a strong antigen (immunogenic) and other antigen are less antigenic than D and are of less clinical significance. Therefore , in practice Rh negative and Rh positive depends on presence of D antigen on the surface of red cells which is detected by strong anti-D serum. Occasionally, anti – C,E,c,e may develop in case of pregnancy or transfusion. Unlike ABO system there is no naturally occurring antibodies against R h antig e n s in R h negativ e individuals. Immun e ANTI B O DYS de v elop against Rh antigen after exposure to it following transfusion or pregnancy. It can be detected by enzyme treatment or coombs test (antiglobulin test) SIGNIFICANCE: Rh incompatibility results in haemolytic transfusion reaction. Haemolytic disease of newborn.

13. In Blood Transfusion Haemolytic Disease Of Newborn. Paternity Dispute Medicolegal Issues Immunology, genetics Susceptibility To Various Diseases (Blood Group O – Peptic Ulcer, Blood Group A – Gastric Ulcer) Importance o f Blood Grouping & Rh Typing

14. Minor Blood Groups a nd Significance Duffy blood group- lack glycoprotein DARC, which is receptor for plasmodium vivax. So this blood group patients are not susceptible to malaria. Kell blood group- very immunogenic . increased hemolytic disease of new born. Kidd blood group- increased hemolytic transfusion reaction.

15. Universal Donor a nd Recipient UNIVERSAL DONOR  GROUP " O "  Neither A OR B -Antigens UNIVERSAL RECEIPIENT  GROUP AB  Patient has no A nti- A/ A nti- B PRESENT.  Cannot lyse any transfused cell

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