Blood groups for ss

It is about blood grouping, types antigen antibody.

1. BLOOD & ABO BLOOD GROUPING Dr.Shahida Baloch

2. History of Blood Groups and Blood Transfusions •Experiments with blood transfusions have been carried out for hundreds of years. Many patients have died and it was not until 1901 , when the Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups, that blood transfusions became safer. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 Blood Groups

3. An adult human has about 4–6 litres of blood circulating in the body. Blood consists of several types of cells floating around in a fluid called plasma. The red blood cells (RBCs) contain haemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen. RBCs transport oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from the tissues. The white blood cells fight infection. The platelets help the blood to clot, if you get a wound for example. The plasma contains salts and various kinds of proteins. What is Blood Made?

4. Blood group antigens are actually sugars (not cheni ) attached to the red blood cell. Antigens are “built” onto the red cell. Individuals inherit a gene which codes for specific sugar(s) to be added to the red cell. The type of sugar added determines the blood group. ABO Basics

5. The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. •The antigens are located on the surface of the RBCs and the antibodies are in the blood plasma . •The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parents. What are the different blood groups? Antigens & Antibodies

6. Type A Blood Type A Antigen Anti-B Antibodies Red Cells Plasma

7. Type B Blood Type B Antigen Anti-A Antibodies Red Cells Plasma

8. Type AB Blood Type B Antigen Neither Anti-A or Anti-B Antibodies Red Cells Plasma Type A Antigen

9. Type O Blood Anti-A and Anti-B Antibodies Red Cells Plasma Neither A nor B Antigens

10. Blood Typing works by taking the antibodies for each blood type and mixing them with a drop of blood. Each drop of blood would be mixed with a different anti-serum (anti-A, anti-B and anti- Rh .

11. Pictures of what actual slides would look like after addition of the anti-serums

12. Blood Typing If we mix Anti- A serum with type A blood there will be clumping of RBC’s as the antibodies latch on the the antigens . Type A Cells Anti-A serum antibody

13. No clumping with Anti-B Antiserum Type A Red Cell Anti-B serum antibody

14. Anti-A Anti-B Blood Group NEG NEG O POS NEG A NEG POS B POS POS AB Summary of Slide Typing

15. BLOOD GROUP ANTIGEN IN RBC SURFACE ANTIBODIES IN SERUM GENOTYPE A A ANTI-B AA, AO B B ANTI-A BB, BO AB A & B NEITHER AB O NEITHER NEITHER ANTI-A AND ANTI-B OO THE ABO BLOOD GROUPS According to the ABO blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types.

16. There are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today The AB0 and Rhesus ( Rh ) systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. • Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals. Other blood group system

17. Thanks