Blood transfusion and blood grouping. ppt

A procedure in medicine wherein an IV line is used to administer to a patient healthy blood or blood components

1. BLOOD GROUP & TRANSFUSION HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY MIDHUN THIRUMANGALATH

2. BLOOD GROUPS By karl Landsteiner (1901) Nobel prize in 1903 Basic 2 types ABO System RH System They are important for the functioning of blood transfusion.

3. types 1, ABO blood group : Determined upon immunological reaction between antigen and antibody. Found 2 antigen on the surface of RBC named them A antigen & B antigen. Also found corresponding antibodies or agglutinins in the plasma and named them anti-A / antibody & anti-B / β antibody.   2, RH blood group : Is an antigen present in RBC. Found in rhesus monkey so named rh factor Person having D antigen are called RH positive and those without called RH negative Antigen D does not have corresponding natural antibody. If RH positive blood is transfused into negative person at first the antibody is produced in that person. O the other hand no complication wise versa.

4. Landsteiner’s law States that : If a particular antigen is present in the RBC, corresponding antibody must be absent in the serum. Vise versa Secod part of the law is not applicable for RH blood group.

5. Abo system Based on presence and absence of antigen A & B DIVIDED INTO FOUR GROUPS Blood having antigen A is called A group, this group has β -antibody in the serum. Blood with antigens B and α - antibody. If both antigens are present its called AB blood group, and serum wont be having any antibody If both antigens are absent its called O blood group, with both the antibodies.

6. Determination of ABO blood group Also called blood grouping, typing or matching Principle of blood typing Agglutination: collection of separate particles like RBC into clumps or masses, it occurs when an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody which is called isoagglutinin. Procedure: One drop of antiserum A is placed on a end of slide one drop of antiserum B on the other end. One drop of RBC suspension is mixed with each antiserum. The slide is slightly rocked for 2 mins . The presence or absence of agglutination is observed by naked eye and if needed confirmed using microscope. Presence of agglutination is confirmed by presence of clumpimg of RBCs and vise versa.

7. Abo Importance Only compatible blood must be used. Person who donates is called donor. Person who receives is called recipient. O blood group has no antigen so agglutination does not occur with any other , so its called a universal donors. Plasma of AB blood group has no antibody, so it does not cause agglutinations’ so called universal recipient.

8. Matching and crossmatching BLOOD MATCHING: It’s a laboratory test To determine blood grouping of an individual CROSSMATCHING: Done to test the compatibility of donors and recipients blood By mixing of serum of recipient to RBC of the donor Done before blood transfusion .

9. APPLLIED PHYSIOLOGY REACTION DUE TO INCOPATIBILITY (ABO) Adverse reactions such ass: Fever, hives, renal failure, shock and death Non-hemolytic transfusion reaction Develops within a few minutes to hours. Hemolytic transfusion reaction May be acute or delayed, acute reaction develops within few minutes. Because of rapid hemolysis Delayed causes jaundice, cardiac shock, renal shutdown. REACTION DUE TO INCOPATIBILITY (RH) When Rh positive person receives Rh negative blood for the first time there is no sudden reaction but the antibodies take time and forms in time, When receives second time this causes serious damage

10. Hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn: erythroblastosis fetalis Characterized by abnormal hemolysis of RBC Due to Rh incompatibility By the presence of erythroblast in blood When mother is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive First child escapes complications When mother gets pregnant for second time and the baby is again Rh positive COMPLICATION SEVERE ANEMIA: Infant dies when anemia becomes severe HYDROPS FETALIS Serious condition in which child is characterized by edema, enlargement of liver, may cause intrauterine death of Festus BILIRUBIN ENCEPHALOPATHY: Kernicterus Neurological disorder, characterized by brain damage by jaundice’s. The term kernicterus is the yellow coloration of brain

11. importance Medically its important during blood transfusion and in tissue transplant to save life. Socially, for donating blood Among couple knowing personal bood group helps to prevent complications Medically its important during blood transfusion and in tissue transplant to save life. Socially, for donating blood Among couple knowing personal blood group helps to prevent complications

12. Thank you Midhun thirumangalath | Assist. professor |@CIHS Mysuru