Blood transfusion in animals

blood transfusion

1. Blood transfusion in animals Dr Vinodh Kumar O.R Senior Scientist ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh

2. Introduction Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood products into one's circulation intravenously. Used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, clotting factors, and platelets . A blood typing refers to the presence, absence or variation of chemicals/antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

3. Indications/ conditions need blood tansfusion acute hemolysis or hemorrhage ; acute or chronic anemias hemostatic disorders The decision to transfuse RBCs is determined by clinical signs, not by any pre-selected PCV.

4. Few conditions need transfusion Autoimmune hemolytic anemia . Surgery. Babesiosis . Theleriosis . Anaplasmosis . Blood poisoning. Abomasal ulcer. Pulmonary Hemorrhages .

5. Canine blood groups Over 13 canine blood groups have been described . Dogs are routinely typed only for the most potent antigen, DEA 1.1 Eight DEA (dog erythrocyte antigen) and Dal types are recognized as international standards. DEA 4 and DEA 6 appear on the red blood cells of ~98% of dogs . Dogs with only DEA 4 or DEA 6 can thus serve as blood donors for the majority of the canine population . Dogs that are DEA 1.1 positive (33 to 45% of the population) are universal recipients.  Dogs that are DEA 1.1 negative are universal donors . Blood from DEA 1.1 positive dogs should never be transfused into DEA 1.1 negative dogs .

6. Feline blood groups The most common are A, B, or AB . Type A and B cats have naturally occurring alloantibodies to the opposite blood type. The reaction of Type B cats to Type A blood is more severe than vice versa. Simple blood typing test done to determine their blood type prior to a transfusion or breeding to avoid the haemolytic disease

7. Equine blood groups Eight major recognized blood groups in horses. Seven of them, A, C, D, K, P, Q, and U, are internationally recognized. Each blood group has at least two allelic factors (for example, the A blood group has a, b, c, d, e, f, and g), which can be combined in all combinations ( Aa , Afg , Abedg , etc.), to make many different alleles. horses do not naturally produce antibodies against red blood cell antigens that they do not possess. Universal donors are Aa , Ca , and Qa negative

8. Bovine blood groups A, B, C, F, J, L, M, S, and Z C linically important are B and J .

9. C ross-matching Crossmatch detects the presence of pre-existing antibodies that produce and immediate hemolytic reaction Major match Minor match

10. Cross matching

11. Blood collection sites

12. Donor Selection Free from blood transmitted diseases as anaplasmosis , equine infectious anemia etc. No history of blood transfusion or pregnancy . Age 1-8 years . Genetically related or of same breed .

13. Materials needed for blood transfusion

14. Dose/volume calculation Whole blood: • 2-3ml/kg of whole blood will raise the PCV by 1 %. F or Dogs: Donor blood = 80 * Body weight * (Desired PCV- Recipient PCV/PCV transfused blood) For Cats: Donor blood = 60 * Body weight * (Desired PCV- Recipient PCV/PCV transfused blood) Packed RBCs: • 1ml/kg of PRBCs will raise the PCV 1 % Plasma: • 45ml/kg will raise the albumin 1g/ dL . For clotting factor replacement estimated dosage is: 10-30ml/kg.

15. Blood transfusion procedure Verify the expiry date as well as the donor species and blood type. V isual inspection to detect any macroscopic abnormalities in color and consistency. Attach the blood transfusion administration set to the blood unit. U se a catheter with the largest available diameter . Carefully monitor the physiologic parameters and adverse reactions, including fever, hypotension , urticaria , pruritus, vomiting and shivering. Record baseline vital signs before starting the transfusion, then for 15min for the first 45 minutes and for 30min until the end of the transfusion. The initial infusion rate should be approximately 0.25 mL/kg for the first 30 minutes, after which the rate can be increased if no reactions are seen. The entire volume should be administered within 4 hours to prevent functional loss or bacterial growth . Check packed cell volume (PCV) 1 to 6 hours after transfusion.

16. Complications of blood transfusion