bloodgrouping-230811155828-b631828d.pptx

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1. Blood Groups Presented by: 1- Dler Ismail Rasul 2-Nawa Masud Rasul 3-Saz Zirak Hamad 4-Nihad Xalil Xalid

2. Table of c ontents Introduction Rh Factor The ABO Blood Group System Blood Types What are blood groups?

3. Introduction What are blood groups?

4. Do you ever wonder what makes your blood special and why it matters? Blood is a vital human body component that performs crucial functions. It carries oxygen and nutrients to every cell, removes waste products, regulates body temperature, and plays a pivotal role in the immune system. However, blood becomes significant in the context of blood groups. The blood group test, also known as blood typing, is a common test to determine a person's blood group. Commonly, there are four major types of blood groups, A, B, AB, and O, determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens in the red blood cells. By knowing the blood group, you can safely donate and receive a blood transfusion. It is also done to check if you have an Rh factor on the surface of your RBCs. The blood type test is important during transfusions and prevents life-threatening reactions. In organ transplants, the test ensures successful grafting and reduces the risk of organ rejection. Blood Group Test

5. Blood groups are classifications of blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens determine compatibility for blood transfusions. What are Blood groups?

6. Understanding blood groups is crucial for safe blood transfusions, organ transplantation, and avoiding adverse immune reactions. Why are Blood Groups Important? Major Blood Group Systems : ABO system Rh (Rhesus) system

7. The ABO Blood Group System

8. Overview of ABO Blood Groups A: Has A antigen on RBCs and anti-B antibodies in plasma. B: Has B antigen on RBCs and anti-A antibodies in plasma, AB: Has both A and B antigens, no anti-A or anti-B antibodies (universal recipient). O: No A or B antigens, has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor). Antigens and Antibodies Antigens: Substances on RBCs that the immune system recognizes. Antibodies: Proteins in plasma that attack foreign antigens, Genetic Basis The ABO system is determined by three alleles: A, B, and O.

9. The most common method of blood grouping is the ABO system , which involves adding anti-A and anti-B antibodies to a blood sample and observing whether agglutination (clumping) occurs, indicating the presence of the corresponding antigen on the red blood cells.

10. Rh Factor

11. What is the Rh Factor? Rh factor is another antigen found on the surface of RBCs. The presence of this antigen makes someone Rh-positive, while its absence results in Rh-negative blood. Significance in Blood Typing Rh-positive: Has the D antigen Rh-negative: Lacks the D antigen Rh Factor in Pregnancy Rh incompatibility can occur when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. This can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn, where the mother's immune system attacks the fetal RBCs.

12. Overview of Lesser-Known Blood Group Systems MNS System: Plays a role in transfusions and has antigens on RBCs Kell System: Can cause severe transfusion reactions Duffy System: Linked to resistance against malaria Relevance in Medicine These systems, though less well-known than ABO and Rh, are important in transfusions and understanding certain diseases.

13. Blood Types

14. Blood groups are identified through a simple blood test that determines the presence or absence of specific antigens and antibodies on the surface of red blood cells. Blood Types

15. Blood Type A: Can receive blood from donors with blood types A and O. Can donate blood to recipients with blood types A and AB. Blood Type B: Can receive blood from donors with blood types B and O. Can donate blood to recipients with blood types B and AB  Blood Type AB (Universal Recipient): Can receive blood from donors with types A, B, AB, and O. Only donate blood to recipients with blood type AB. Blood Type O (Universal Donor): Can receive blood only from donors with blood type O. Donate blood to recipients with types A, B, AB, and O.

16. Rhesus System Rh Negative (-): Absence of Rh factor. Rh Positive (+): Presence of Rh factor. This results in eight blood types: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O- Rh+ individuals can receive from Rh+ or Rh-. Rh- individuals should ideally receive from Rh- but can receive Rh+ in emergencies

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