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1. BMC - IV

2. BMC-IV Test-1 Date :13-10-20 Duration :1 1/2 Hrs Total Marks :50 Part-A 1)Draw to a suitable scale the Isolated footing and Combined footing design with plan ,section and a view showing reinforcement details .Encircle the locations in your Design working drawing ? (20 Marks) 2) Draw a typical details for a RCC Beam and RCC Column their connections (view) with suitable dimensions referred from your Design . Encircle the same. (10 Marks ) 3) Describe the method of RCC Construction in the following conditions ? (2X10=20) i . Foundation near an old existing building ii. Construction detail of the staircase as per your design.

3.  “The foundation of a building is that part of walls, piers and columns in direct contact with the ground and transmitting loads to the ground.” • Every building needs a foundation of some kind . • Because of the variety of soil, rock, and water conditions that are encountered below the surface of the ground and the unique demands that buildings make upon their foundations, foundation design is a highly specialized field combining aspects of geotechnical and civil engineering.

4. INTRO Foundations ( sub structure) is the lower portion the building , usually located below ground level, which transmits the load of the super structure to the sub soil a foundation is therefore that part of the structure which is in direct contact with the ground to which the loads are transmitted The soil which is located immediately below the base of the foundation is called the sub-soil or foundation soil, while the lowermost portions of the foundation which is in direct contact with the sub soil is called the footing.

5. FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION The basic function of a foundation is to transmit the dead loads, super – imposed loads (or live loads) and wind loads from a building to the soil on which the building rests . Foundation serves the following purposes: Reduction of load intensity Foundations distribute the loads of the super structure, to a larger area so that the intensity of the load at its base does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil. Even distribution of load Foundations distribute the non – uniform loads of the super structure evenly to the sub-soil Provision of level surface Foundation provide levelLed and hard surface over which the super-structure can be built.

6. FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION 4.  Lateral stability It anchors the super structure to the ground, thus imparting lateral stability to the super structure. 5 . Safety against under mining It provides the structural safety against undermining due to burrowing animals and food water. 6 . Protection against soil movements Special foundations measures prevents or minimizes the distress (or cracks) in the super- structure, due to expansion of the sub soil because of moisture movement in same problematic soils.

7. LOADS ACTING ON FOUNDATION Dead Load this is the load of the material used for the various components of a building such as walls, floors, roofs, etc. all permanent loads are thus included in dead load. Live Load this is the movable load on the floor and hence its variable. Its also sometimes known as the super imposed load. It includes the load of persons standing on a floor, weight of the material stored on a floor, weight f snow on a roof, etc. Wind Load In case of tall buildings, the effect due to wind should be considered. Structural Member Forces Uplift Earthquake Horizontal and vertical forces caused by the motion of the ground relative to the building.

8. MATERIALS INTRO Concrete  is a stone like substance obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the shape and of dimensions of the desired structure. Reinforced cement concrete: Since concrete is a brittle material and is strong in compression. It is weak in tension, so  steel is used inside concrete  for strengthening and reinforcing the tensile  strength of concrete . The steel must have appropriate deformations to provide strong bonds and interlocking of both materials. When completely surrounded by the  hardened concrete  mass it forms an integral part of the two materials, known as " Reinforced Concrete ".

9. Advantages of reinforced concrete It has relatively high compressive strength It has better resistance to fire than steel It has long service life with low maintenance cost In some types of structures, such as dams, piers and footings, it is most economical structural material It can be cast to take the shape required, making it widely used in pre-cast structural components It yields rigid members with minimum apparent deflection Yield strength of steel is about 15 times the compressive strength of structural concrete and well over 100 times its tensile strength By using steel, cross sectional dimensions of structural members can be reduced e.g in lower floor columns

10. Disadvantages of reinforced concrete It needs mixing, casting and  curing , all of which affect the final strength of concrete The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is relatively high It has low compressive strength as compared to steel (the ratio is about 1:10 depending on material) which leads to large sections in columns/beams of multistory buildings Cracks develop in concrete due to  shrinkage  and the application of live loads

11. BEAMS

12. MATERIALS FOR DAMP PROOF COURSE: Materials use in DPC should be Impervious. Durable and strong. Withstand both and live and dead loads without any damage. Stable. Free from Chlorides, Sulphates, Nitrates, and Salts. Flexible material like Bitumen, Polythene sheets, The metal sheet was used etc. Semi-rigid materials Cement concrete, Asphalt etc. Rigid materials stones, slate, and  1 st  class brick  are used, etc. DPC provided above the ground level with a wall thickness not exceeding  40 cm  and material type is used any above we discussed.

13. https://youtu.be/Zfcfcbiw014

14. https://youtu.be/xCdSl_J66ZA

15. Manufacture Process of cement

16. Traditional Process of Cement Manufacturing Aspdin mixed and ground hard limestone and finely divided clay into a slurry The slurry was calcinated in a furnace till CO₂ was expelled The calcinated mixture was then ground to a fine powder perhaps at a lower temperature than the clinkering temperature by Aspdin .

17. Later in 1845 Isaac Charles Johnson burnt a mixture of clay and chalk at clinkering temperature to make better cement .

18. Portland cement is by far the most common type of cement in general use around the world. This cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with other materials (such as clay) to 1450 °C in a kiln, in a process known as calcinations, calcinations : A molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide, or quicklime, which is then blended with the other materials that have been included in the mix to form calcium silicates and other cementitious compounds. The resulting hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small amount of gypsum into a powder to make 'Ordinary Portland Cement', the most commonly used type of cement (often referred to as OPC). Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and most non-specialty grout.

19. The most common use for Portland cement is in the production of concrete . Concrete is a composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement, and water. As a construction material, concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing) element. Portland cement may be grey or white (Gamble, William, 2005).

20. The materials of which is made up of cement The basic mixture of cement industry consists of: Chalk lime stone Clay Calcium carbonate Silicon oxide Aluminium oxide Iron(II) oxide

21. Modern ways to Manufacture Cement The process is divided into 4 main parts Quarrying and Grinding the raw materials Mixing them in a intimately in certain proportions depending upon their purity and composition. Burning the proportioned mix in a kiln at 1300 ⁰C to 1500 ⁰C also called clinkering Grinding of clinker and adding of gypsum

22. There are four stages in the manufacture of portland cement: crushing and grinding the raw materials, blending the materials in the correct proportions, burning the prepared mix in a  kiln , and grinding the burned product, known as “clinker,” together with some 5 percent of  gypsum  (to control the time of set of the cement).

23. 1-Quarrying of Raw materials -- The raw materials required are calcareous materials like chalk or limestone and argillaceous materials such as clay, marble or shale. --Local availability of raw material is an important concern setting up a cement factory in order to reduce the transportation cost . --The quarried materials are crushed, then mixed at the plant to be fed to the kiln.

24. 2) Mixing and storage of feed Mixing is carried out by the either of the following processes WET PROCESS DRY PROCESS so termed when the raw materials are ground wet and fed to the kiln as a slurry, ground dry and fed as a dry powder, or ground dry and then moistened to form nodules that are fed to the kiln.

25. Types of portland cement Five types of portland cement are standardized in the United States by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM):  ordinary (Type I),  modified (Type II),  high-early-strength (Type III),  low-heat (Type IV), and  sulfate -resistant (Type V). In other countries Type II is omitted, and Type III is called rapid-hardening. Type V is known in some European countries as Ferrari cement.

26. Special Types Of Portland Cement.

27. Cement is a dry, gray, very fine powder, and cement’s a manufactured product.  So since this is a manufactured product, that does mean that its properties can vary a little bit from source to source.  Now there are standards used around the world to make sure that the finished product has the same important properties, but there will be some minor variations in how each manufacturer gets to their final results.

28. Cement Mortar:-   A paste obtained by adding water to a mixture of fine aggregates such as sand and binding material.   Building mortars are mixtures, used for the joining of bricks and stones.

29. Concrete in its simplest form is  made up of water, sand, rocks and cement.   And it takes all of these things to make the high-strength concrete that we use as a building material.

30. Plain Cement Concrete:-    The mixture of cement, fine aggregate (sand) and  coarse aggregate is called plain cement concrete (PCC) PCC is mainly used for following purposes. It is used as a protective layer for the RCC above so that water from the RCC is not absorbed by the earth below. Provides a base for the concrete and also helps workers to set out the structure above in a easier way. Act as a cover to reinforced cement concrete i.e. resist corrosion of steel bars in footings. Moisture available in soil should not absorbed by R.C.C footings which causes corrosion of reinforcement

31. Reinforced Cement Concrete:-  Reinforced concrete, or RCC, is concrete that contains embedded steel bars, plates, or fibers that strengthen the material. The capability to carry loads by these materials is magnified, and because of this RCC is used extensively in all construction. In fact, it has become the most commonly utilized construction material.

32. Advantages of Reinforced Concrete Reinforced concrete has a high compressive strength compared to other building materials. Due to the provided reinforcement, reinforced concrete can also withstand a good amount tensile stress. Fire and weather resistance of reinforced concrete is fair. The reinforced concrete building system is more durable than any other building system. Reinforced concrete, as a fluid material, in the beginning, can be economically molded into a nearly limitless range of shapes. The maintenance cost of reinforced concrete is very low. In the structure like footings, dams, piers etc. reinforced concrete is the most economical construction material. It acts like a rigid member with minimum deflection. As reinforced concrete can be molded to any shape required, it is widely used in precast structural components. It yields rigid members with minimum apparent deflection. Compared to the use of steel in structure, reinforced concrete requires less skilled labor for the erection of the structure.

33. Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete The tensile strength of reinforced concrete is about one-tenth of its compressive strength. The main steps of using reinforced concrete are mixing, casting, and curing. All of this affect the final strength. The cost of the forms used for casting is relatively higher. For multi-storied building the RCC column section for is larger than steel section as the compressive strength is lower in the case of . Shrinkage causes crack development and strength loss.

34. Lean concrete  is a mix where the amount of cement is lower than the amount of liquid present in the strata. The higher the Aggregate/cement ratio, the leaner the concrete. In lean concrete, less quantity of paste is available for providing lubrication, per unit surface of aggregate and hence the mobility of aggregate is restricted . Lean Concrete is ‘not Rich’, in other words the ratio of cement to water and of course to aggregate would be low.

35. Advantages of lean concrete:- Main function of the lean concrete is to provide the uniform surface to the foundation concrete and to prevent the direct contact of foundation concrete from the soil. Lean concrete is used under the foundations. Lean concrete is used to provide a level surface , where main foundation (raft, isolated or any other type) can be placed. Another purpose is protection of main foundation from soil below, as moisture or other chemicals in soil like sulphates may attack concrete and can weaken it.

36. Materials used in concrete CEMENT AGGREGATES STEEL WATER FINE COARSE SAND RIVER SAND PIT SAND CRUSHED STONE SAND STONES BRICKS GRAVEL TOR – 8MM DIA RODS MILD STEEL – 6MM DIA RODS TMT bars – thermo mechanical treatment ( 5mm dia to 40mm dia Essential ingridients Free from organic matter and excessive chemicals The real strength and proportion of concrete lies on the amount of water mixed

37. Bulking of sand Fine Aggregates bulk more compared to coarse aggregates