Body Fluid and Blood Presented by Bhaskar Kumar.pdf

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1. Body Fluid and Blood
Presented by Bhaskar Kumar
Submitted By. Submitted To
Bhaskar Kumar Miss Sheetal soni
Roll No -2022
Section A

2. BODY FLUIDS
Body fluids refer to the various liquids found within
the human body. These fluids play important roles in
maintaining bodily functions. Common body fluids
include blood, plasma, serum, lymph, cerebrospinal
fluid, urine, sweat, and digestive juices like saliva,
gastric juice, and bile. Each of these fluids serves
specific functions in the body, such as transporting
nutrients, waste removal, immune defense, and
maintaining overall health.

3. Composition of Blood

4. Function of Blood
Blood functions include:

1. Transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste
products.
2. Supporting the immune system.
3. Assisting in blood clotting.
4. Regulating body temperature.
5. Transporting hormones.
6. Maintaining pH balance.
7. Managing fluid and electrolyte balance.

5. Hemopoiesis
Hemopoiesis, also known as hematopoiesis, is the
process of blood cell formation. It occurs primarily in
the bone marrow and involves the production of
various blood cell types, including red blood cells
(erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and
platelets (thrombocytes). Hemopoiesis is essential
for maintaining a sufficient and balanced population
of blood cells, which play crucial roles in oxygen
transport, immune response, and clotting.

6. Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells
(erythrocytes) that plays a crucial role in the
transport of oxygen from the lungs to the body's
tissues and the transport of carbon dioxide from the
tissues back to the lungs for exhalation. It has a
complex structure and consists of four subunits,
each containing an iron atom at its center. This iron
atom binds to oxygen molecules, allowing
hemoglobin to carry and release oxygen as needed
throughout the body

7. Formation of Hemoglobin
Simple steps in Haemoglobin formation:

?????? 4 Pyrroles come together for the formation of
protoporphyrin IX. In turn it combines with iron for
the formation of heme molecule
??????Each of the heme molecule associates with a long
polypeptide chain to form a subunit of Haemoglobin
referred to as Haemoglobin chain

9. Destruction of Hemoglobin
The destruction of hemoglobin involves several steps:
?????? Hemolysis: Red blood cells rupture or break down,
releasing hemoglobin into the bloodstream.
??????Phagocytosis: White blood cells called macrophages
engulf and digest the released hemoglobin.
??????Heme breakdown: The heme portion of hemoglobin is
broken down into biliverdin, which is eventually
converted into bilirubin.
??????Globin breakdown: The globin portion of hemoglobin
is further broken down into amino acids and recycled by
the body.

10. Anemia
Anemia is a common medical condition
characterized by a deficiency in the number of red
blood cells or a lower-than-normal concentration of
hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in
red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to
the body's tissues.

11. Types of anemia
?????? Iron-deficiency anemia: This is the most common
type and is typically caused by insufficient iron in the
diet or poor iron absorption by the body
??????.Vitamin-deficiency anemia: Anemia can result
from deficiencies in vitamins like B12 and folate,
which are necessary for red blood cell production.
??????Hemolytic anemia: In this type, red blood cells are
destroyed faster than they can be produced, often
due to genetic factors or autoimmune conditions.

12. ?????? Aplastic anemia: This rare form of anemia occurs
when the bone marrow fails to produce enough
blood cells, including red blood cells.

??????Sickle cell anemia: A genetic disorder that causes
red blood cells to become misshapen and break
down, leading to anemia and other health problems.

??????Thalassemia: Another genetic disorder that results
in abnormal hemoglobin production and anemia.

13. Blood Grouping system ABO
system
Blood group systems, also known as blood types,
are classification systems that categorize blood
based on the presence or absence of specific
antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The two
most well-known blood group systems are the ABO
system and the Rh system.

15. RH factor
The Rh factor, also known as the Rhesus factor or
Rh antigen, is a specific protein found on the surface
of red blood cells. It is one of the most important
blood group systems and plays a crucial role in
blood transfusions.

16. Disorder of Blood
?????? Anemia: Characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or
hemoglobin, leading to symptoms like fatigue and paleness.
??????Hemophilia: A genetic disorder that impairs blood clotting,
causing prolonged bleeding and bruising.
??????Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the bone marrow
and leads to an overproduction of white blood cells.
??????Thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count, which can result in
excessive bleeding or easy bruising.
??????Sickle Cell Disease: A genetic disorder that causes red
blood cells to become misshapen, leading to pain and other
health problems.
??????Polycythemia: An overproduction of red blood cells, which
can increase blood thickness and lead to clotting issues.

17. Blood Coagulation
Blood coagulation, also known as blood clotting, is a
complex physiological process that prevents excessive
bleeding when blood vessels are injured. It involves a
cascade of reactions that lead to the formation of a
blood clot

18. Mechanism of Blood
Coagulation
?????? Vasoconstriction: When a blood vessel is injured, it
constricts to reduce blood flow and minimize bleeding.
??????Platelet Adhesion: Platelets, small cell fragments in
the blood, adhere to the exposed collagen at the site of
injury. This is the initial plug formation.
??????Platelet Activation: Adhered platelets become
activated and change shape, promoting further platelet
aggregation

19. ?????? Coagulation Cascade: There are two pathways, intrinsic
and extrinsic, that lead to the activation of clotting factors.
These pathways converge to form thrombin, a crucial enzyme
in clot formation
.??????Thrombin Activation: Thrombin is responsible for
converting soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands.
Fibrin strands form a mesh that traps blood cells to create a
stable clot
.??????Clot Formation: The fibrin mesh, along with trapped blood
cells and platelets, consolidates to form a mature blood clot
that seals the wound.
??????Clot Retraction: After the clot forms, it contracts, reducing
the size of the wound and promoting tissue healing.
??????Fibrinolysis: Once the wound is healed, the clot needs to
be dissolved. Plasmin, an enzyme, breaks down the fibrin
strands, allowing blood to flow freely again.

20. Thank you