Bonding in solids

A solid is composed of billion of atoms

1. Bonding in solids By S.Priyanka E.M.G.Yadava Women’s College Madurai 14

2. Bonding: A solid is composed of billion of atoms packed closely together The attraction between atoms, ions or molecules which hold the atoms together They are classified as primary bonds and secondary bonds according to the strength and directionality.

3. Primary Bonds: The types of primary bonding are Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding

4. Ionic Bonding: It is the attractive force between the positive ion and negative ion when they are brought into surrounding They are formed when atoms of all different electrons lose or gain electrons inorder to achieve stabilised outer most electronic configuration. The example of ionic bonding is sodium chloride (Nacl)

5. Covalent Bonding: It is the transfer of pair of electrons between atoms rather than by electron transfer, in its outer most energy level. In this type of bonding the stable arrangement is achieved by sharing of electrons. The example for this type of bonding is oxygen, chlorine, hydrogen chloride

6. Metallic bonding: In this type of bonding the electrons in their outer most energy levels are loosely held by their nuclei The force that holds the atoms together in a metallic substance. The example for this type is Sodium, Magnesium.

7. Secondary Bonding: The types of Secondary bonding are Hydrogen Bonding VanderWaal Bonding

8. Hydrogen Bonding: It is the dipole dipole attraction between the hydrogen atom from polar molecule and the oxygen, fluorine from the non polar molecule The example for this type is water molecule

9. Vanderwaals Bonding: This type of bonding isthe attraction of intermolecular forces between molecules. Neutral molecules may be held together by a weak electric force known as the vanderwaals bond Once a random dipole is formed in one atom, An induced dipole is formed in the adjacent atom

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