BONE AND MUSCLE INFECTION.pptxhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

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1. SCHOOL OF CLINICAL SCIENCES TOPICS BONE AND MUSCLE INFECTION Lecturer: Dr. Brima M. Sesay

2. OUTLINE DEFINATION TYPES CAUSES SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT

3. DEFINATION Bone infection also known as Osteomyelitis is an infection and inflamation of the bone or the bone marrow. Bone infection commonly affects the long bones in the legs and upper arms, the spine, and the pelvis. About 80% of cases develop because of an open wound.

4. OSTEOMYELITIS Osteomyelitis is estimated to affect 2 out of 10,000 people in the United State at some time. In the past, it was difficult to treat osteomyelitis ,but now aggressive treatment can often save the affected bone and stem the spread of infection

5. CLASSIFICATION OF OSTEOMYELITIS Osteomyelitis can be classified into 3 depending on the period and severity. Acute Sub-acute Chronic Treatment varies depending on type

6. ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS In acute osteomyelitis , infection develops within 2 weeks of an injury, initial infection or the start of an underlying disease. The pain can be intense , and the condition can be life threatening.

7. MGT OF ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS A course of antibiotics or antifungal medicine is normally effective. For adults, this is usually a 4 to 6 week course of IV, or sometimes oral antibiotics or antifungal. Most patients needs treatment in hospital

8. SUB-ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS In sub-acute osteomyelitis, infection develops within 1 to 2 months of an injury, initial infection or an underlying disease. Treatment depends on severity and whether there is any bone damage. If there is no bone damage, treatment is like that used in acute osteomyelitis. If there is bone damage, treatment will be similar to that used in chronic osteomyelitis .

9. CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS In chronic osteomyelitis , infection starts at least 2 months after an injury, initial infection or the start of an underlying disease. Patients usually need both antibiotics and surgery to repair any bone damage.

10. CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS CONT Surgery can involve DRAINING which involves opening up of the infected area for the surgeon to drain any pus or fluid that has built up in response to the infection. DEBRIDEMENT the surgeon removes as much diseased bone as possible and take a small margin of healthy bone to ensure that all the infected areas are removed.

11. CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS CONT RESTORING BLOOD FLOW TO THE BONE any empty space left by debridement may have to be filled with a piece of bone tissue or skin or muscle from another healthy part of the body. The graft helps the body repair damaged blood vessels, and it will form new bone. REMOVAL OF FOREIGN OBJECTS if necessary, foreign objects placed during previous surgery may be removed, such as surgical plates or screws

12. CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS CONT STABILIZING THE AFFECTED BONE metal plates, rods, or screws may be inserted into the bone to stabilize the affected bone and the new graft. However, this is done later. Occasionally external fixators are used to stabilize the affected bone. ANTIBIOTICS If the patient cannot tolerate surgery due to other complicated illness, the doctor may use antibiotics for longer period possibly years, to suppress the infection. If the infection continues regardless, it may be necessary to amputate all or part of the infected limb

13. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Signs and symptoms of osteomyelitis varies and depend on the type. Common signs and symptoms include Pain which can be severe, and swelling, redness, and tenderness in the affected area Drainage from an open wound near the infection site or through the skin.

14. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fever, chills and sweating. Irritability, lethargy or fatigue Other signs and symptoms include: Swelling of the ankles, feet, legs and changes in walking pattern.

15. CAUSES OF OSTEOMYELITIS Osteomyelitis can occur when a bacterial or fungal infection develops within a bone or reaches the bone from another part of the body. Eg a tooth infection can spread to the jawbone. Post-traumatic osteomyelitis may occur after a compound fracture, Vascular deficiency, or poor blood circulation to bone

16. DIAGNOSIS OF OSTEOMYELITIS The physician will examine the affected body part for signs of osteomyelitis including tenderness and swelling. They will ask about recent medical history, especially any recent accidents, operations, or infections. Blood test: High level of white blood cells usually indicate infection. Biopsy: Small piece of tissue is tested to identify which type of pathogen , bacterial or fungal is involved. This helps find suitable treatment.

17. DIAGNOSINS CONT Imaging tests: an X-ray, MRI, or CT scan can reveal any bone damage. The damage may not be visible for 2 weeks on an X-ray, so more detailed MRI or CT scan are recommended if the injury is recent.

18. PREVENTIONS Patients with weakened immune system should: Have a well balance healthy diet and suitable exercise, to boost the immune system. Avoid smoking as this weakens the immune system and contributes to poor circulation. Maintain a healthy body weight by following a healthy diet

19. MUSCLE INFECTION Muscle infection also known as Myositis is the name for a group of rare conditions that can cause muscles to become weak, tired and painful. It can sometimes cause muscles to swell. The word Myositis simply means inflammation in muscles.

20. The main muscles to be affected are around the shoulders, hips and thighs. Sometimes Myositis can affect the muscles that carry out tasks such as breathing and swallowing. MUSCLE INFECTION

21. TYPES OF MYOSITIS There are several types of Myositis , and the two main types are: Polymyositis Dermatomyositis Both may be caused by autoimmune condition in which the immune system react to the body’s own healthy tissues.

22. POLYMYOSITIS Polymyositis means that many muscles are affected.

23. DERMATOMYOSITIS This generally involves the skin, however, signs and symptoms in dermatomyositis are similar to that of polymyositis .

24. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS The signs and symptoms of myositis vary between different people. Most people will only have mild symptoms that don’t last long. These signs and symptoms can include: Pain in muscles Muscles feeling tender to touch Muscles sometimes swell

25. SGNS AND SYMPTOMS CONT Generally feeling unwell Weight loss Night sweats Weak and tired muscles that can make every tasks such as climbing stairs ,walking and getting in and out of cars very difficult.

26. SGNS AND SYMP CONT With dermatomyositis , you can have the above symptoms and also: Red or pink rash on the upper eyelids, face and neck, and on the backs of the hands and fingers. Swelling of the affected skin Puffiness and colouring around the eyes.

27. DIAGNOSIS OF MYOSITIS There is no single test that can show for certain if someone has myositis because the symptoms of myositis are similar to many other conditions. You will probably have blood test and other examinations Blood test Electromyography EMG this involves a tiny needle electrode inserted into the muscle to record electrical messages from nerve endings that enables your muscles to move.

28. DIAGNOSIS CONT Muscle biopsy A small sample of your muscle may be taken from one of your larger muscles and examine under a microscope. MRI scan

29. TREATMENT Treatment of myositis includes a combination of drug treatment and exercise. Drugs the first choice for treatment of myositis is steroids, which are usually given in larger doses to begin with. Exercise and Physiotherapy it is probably best to rest when your myositis is very active, but once it has calm down doing regular exercise can greatly improve your symptoms and overall health.