Bone Grafts in periodontology.ppt

concise information on bone grafting materials used in periodontal surgeries.

2. What is Graft?
What is Grafting?
What are Bone Grafts?
Historical Review
Objectives & Rationale of Bone Grafts
Biologic concept of using Bone Grafts
Bone Grafts used in correction of
periodontal defects
Technique
Project overview

3. What is graft ?
A viable tissue that after removal from a donor
site is implanted with in a recipient tissue is then
restored repaired & regenerated.
What is grafting ?
Grafting is a procedure used to replace / restore
missing bone or gum tissue.

4. Whatarebonegrafts?
Bonegraftsarethematerialsused
forreplacementoraugmentation
ofthebone.

5. Historical Review:
The use of bone grafts for reconstructing
osseous defects produced by periodontal
disease dates back to Hegedus in (1923 )
Revived by Nabers & O’Leary in (1965)

6. Objectives & Rationale of Bone Grafts :
Increase in clinical bone defect fill.
To preserve & augment bone for future
implant placement & / or esthetics.
Formation of functional P D L

7. Biologic concept of using Bone grafts
1)Contains bone forming cells (osteogenesis)
2)Serve as scaffold for bone formation
(osteoconduction)
3)Matrix of bone grafting material contains bone
inductive substances (osteoinduction)

8. Biologic concept of using BoneGrafts:
Osteoconduction:
Formation of bone by osteoblasts from the margins
of defect on the bone graft material.
Osteoconductive material facilitate bone formation
by bridging the gap between the existing bone & a
distant location that otherwise would not be occupied
by bone

9. Osteoinduction:
Cell mediators at the defect
(BMP)
Stimulation of osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
New bone formation

10. Osteogenesis :
Osteoblastsinthetransplanted
bonehavingadequateblood
supply&cellularviablity.
Formsnewcentersof
ossificationwithinthegraft

11. Bone Grafts used in correction of
Periodontal Defects:
Autografts
Allografts / Homografts
Xenografts / Hetrografts
Alloplasts

12. Autografts:A tissue transferred from one position to
another within the same individual .
Allografts / Homografts:Obtained from genetically
dissimilar individual of same species .
Xenografts / Hetrografts:Tissue transferred from one
species to another species.
Alloplasts:A synthetic graft or inert foreign body
implanted into tissue.

13. Autografts :
Widely used in periodontics for treatment of
intrabony defects.
Promotes bone healing through osteogenesis
& / or Osteoconduction.
Can be harvested from either intraoral or
extraoral donor sites.

14. Autografts from intraoral site
-Hegedus (1922)
Sources include:
Maxillary tuberosity
Exostoses
Healing wounds
Extraction sites
Edentulous ridges.
Mandibular symphysis
Mandibular body
Osteoplasty Osteotomy
sites

15. Bone Grafts harvested from intraoral
sites are:
Osseous coagulum
Bone Blend
Intraoral Cancellous Bone Marrow
Transplants
Bone swaging

16. Osseous Coagulum:
-(Robinson)
•Techniqueusesmixtureofbonedust&blood
•Smallparticlesgroundfromcorticalboneused
ADVANTAGES:
*Additionalsurfaceareaforinteractionofcellular
&vascularelements.
*Easeofobtainingbonefromalreadyexposed
surgicalsite.
DISADVANTAGES:
*Inadequatematerialsforlargedefects.

17. Bone Blend:
•Uses an autoclaved capsule & pestle.
•Bone removed from perdetermined site , triturated
in capsule to a workable , plastic like mass, &
packed into bony defects
Intraoral Cancellous Bone Marrow:
•Cancellous bone obtained from Maxillary
tuberosity, Edentulous area & healing socket

18. Bone Swaging:
Techniquerequiresexistanceofanedentulous
areaadjacenttothedefectfromwhichboneis
pushedintocontactwiththerootsurface
withoutfracturingtheboneatitsbase.

19. Autografts from extraoral site
Schallorn (1967/ 1968)introduced the use
ofautogenous” HIP MARROW“Grafts
(illiaccrest marrow)in treatment of intrabony
defects.

20. Not recommended now a days due to:
-Morbidity of donor site.
-Ankylosis & Root resorption.
-Post op’ impaction, exfoliation, & sequestration.
-Rapid reoccurence of defect.
-Patients expense & difficulty.

21. Allografts:
Allograftsusedinthetreatmentofintrabonydefects
couldbe:
Frozen cancellous iliac bone and marrow
Cryopreserved bone from the head of a femur
Freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA)
Demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft.
(DFDBA)

22. Freeze dried bone allografts (FDBA)
Osteoconductive
Corticalboneisdeflated,cutintopieces,
washedinabsolutealcohol,deepfrozen,freeze
dried&vaccumesealed.
Groundparticlesize:250–750micron.
50–60%bonefill.

23. Decalcified Freeze dried bone allografts
(DFDBA)
-Urist(1965)
Decalcifiedwith0.6NHcl,washedinsodium
phosphatebuffer&vaccumesealedtoexposethebone
inducingagentc/abonemorphogenicproteins(BMP).
Theseproteinsareosteoinductive.
MoreosteogenicpotentialthanFDBA
DISADVANTAGE:Potentialofdiseasetransfer
fromcadaver.

24. Frozen iliac crest marrow
Needforcross–matchingtodecrease
thelikelihoodofgraftrejectionaswell
asdiseasetransmissioneliminatethe
useoffrozeniliaccrestmarrow.

25. Xenografts:
Anorganicbovinebone(ABB):Bovinebonethathas
beenchemicallytreatedwithehylenediaminetoremoveits
organiccomponents,leavingatrabecular&porous
architecturesimilartohumanbone.Itisosteoconductive.
Boplant:Calfbonetreatedbydetergentextraction,
sterlizedinpropriolactone&freezedried.

26. Kielbone:Calf/oxbonedenaturatedwithH2O2(20%)
driedwithacetone&sterlizedwithetyleneoxide.
Ospurane:CowbonesoakedinKOH,acetone&salt
solution.
Boiledbone:Cowboneboiledorautoclaved.

27. Alloplasts:
Syntheticinorganicinertmaterial
Syntheticgraftmaterialfunctionprimarilyasdefect
fillers.-WorldWorkshop(1996)
Characterstics:
-Biocompatible &/or Bioactive
-Osteogenic potential
-Resorbable in long run.

28. Classification:on the basis of their ability
to be resorbed as:
Absorbable materials Nonabsorbable materials
Ceramics,
Beta tricalcium phosphate
Hydroxyapatite
Calcium sulfate
Calcium carbonate.
Porous hydroxyapatite
Dense hydroxyapatite
Bioglass
Calcium-coated polymer of
hydroxyethylmethacrylate and
polymethylmethacrylate.

29. Bioceramics:Composed of CaPO4 with Ca & Po4
ratio similar to bone
Beta tricalcium phosphate:Porous form of CaPo4
Hydroxyapetite:
Porous non resorbable
Solid non resorbable or solid resorbable.

30. Polymers:
2 types
1) A non-resorbable , calcium hydroxide
coated co-polymer of poly -methyl –
methacrylate(PMMA).
2) Poly –hydroxylethyl -
methacrylate(PHEMA) / (HTR) Hard tissue replacement.

31. Bioactive glass: CaO, Na2O, SiO2,P2O5
Bonds to bone through development of surface layer of
carbonated hydroxyapetite.
Bio glasses exposed to tissue fluids….formation of
double layer of silica gel & calcium phosphate on their
surfaces….absorption & concentration of proteins
through this layer….proteins used by osteoblasts to form
extracellular bone matrix.
Commertially available bioglass in particulste form ,
theoretically resorbable proposed for peridontal treatment.

32. Patient selection
•Should be in good physical health
•Should demonstrate an acceptable level of oral
hygiene
•Could be committed to a long-term maintenance
program.
•Ideally should be a nonsmoker
Technique

33. Defect selection

34. Perform plaque control .
Occlusal therapy consisting of adjustment or
splinting of teeth .
A pre-procedural rinse with a substantive
antimicrobial agent, such as 0.12% chlorhexidine
gluconate for 30 seconds, immediately prior to the
surgery can help reduce intraoral bacteria .
Preoperative preparation

35. Anesthesia
Regional Anesthesia for patients
comfort
Local infilteration with epinephrin to
facilitate hemostasis

36. A sulcular incision full thickness flap is reflected. A three wall
intrabony defect is visualized at the distal of the first molar.
Flap design

37. Defect or root debridement
Rotary instrumentation using a multifluted surgical length bur on a
high-speed handpiece is needed to gain access to the depth of the
lesion and to plane the root surface, which is subsequently treated
with citric acid (pH 1).

38. Graft management
The choice of graft material should be based on
clinical considerations, including treatment objectives
and potential patient morbidity.
If morbidity with graft procurement is a concern,
an allograft of demineralized freeze-dried bone may
be used.
There are no reports of disease transmission, graft
rejection or ankylosis after the use of demineralized
freeze-dried bone allograft.

39. Placement of demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft is
accomplished with light incremental pressure so that the graft
overfills the defect. The root surface has been treated with citric
acid (pH 1) and the defect has been decorticated.

40. Flap closure
A monofilament suture is used to close the flaps by primary
closure.

41. Postoperative management/periodontal maintenance
Postoperativeantibioticstoaidinplaquecontrol
Topicalantimicrobialrinse
Postoperativevisitsincludeplaqueremoval
(bothmechanicallyandwithtopicalchlorhexidine)
Periodontalprobingorrecordingofattachmentlevels
shouldnotbedonepriorto6–12months,sinceprobing
forcemaydamagethehealingsite,therebydiminishing
theregenerativeoutcome

42. Pre op
Post op

44. Pre op
Post op

45. Summary
Bone grafts are the material used for replacement or
augmentation of the bone around the teeth.
Biologic concept of using Bone grafts :
* Osteoconduction
* Osteoinduction
* Osteogenesis

46. Bone Grafts used in correction of periodontal
defects:
Autografts
Allografts / Homografts
Xenografts / Hetrografts
Alloplasts