bones and type.pptx

The four principal types of bones are long, short, flat and irregular. Bones that are longer than they are wide are called long bones. They consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities.

1. Bones & Classification 16-12-2022 1

2. Objectives Skeleton Bone Microscopic structure Characteristics Classifications of bone Gross structure Epiphyses Blood supply MCQ Clinical Vignettes References 16-12-2022 2

3. Skeleton Form a rigid frame work of body Composed of :- Bones Cartilages 16-12-2022 3 Made up of specialised supporting connective tissue called Sclerous (skeletal) tissue

4. Types of Skeleton 16-12-2022 4

5. Axial skeleton Skull Ear ossicles Hyoid bone Sternum Vertebral column Rib cage 16-12-2022 5

6. Appendicular skeleton Bilaterally symmetrical Comprises bone Upper limb and Lower limb with bony girdles 16-12-2022 6

7. Bone Os (Latin) Osteon ( Greek) Hard structure , form rigid framework of body 16-12-2022 7

8. Structurally Highly vascular mineral connective tissue Specialized form of connective tissue Distinguish feature from other connective tissues is Mineralization of its matrix Mineral is calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite crystals [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]. 16-12-2022 8

9. 16-12-2022 9

10. Microscopic Structure Cells Ground substance + fibre , form the extracellular substance or matrix 16-12-2022 10

11. Bone Matrix Organic (no calcified ) Type 1 collagen Non mineralized ground substance Chondroitin sulfate Keratin sulfate Provide resilience Inorganic (calcified) Contain crystalline mineral salt (calcium , phosphorus) Osteoid undergo mineralization process Provide hardness and rigidity 16-12-2022 11

12. Ground substance or Matrix Mainly type I collagen and types III,XI,XIII collagens in trace amount Other matrix, (Noncollagenous)proteins that constitute ground substance of bone. Proteoglycan macromolecules Multiadhesive glycoprotein's Bone-specific, vitamin K–dependent proteins 16-12-2022 12 Both collagen and ground substance become mineralized to form bone tissue

13. Cells Osteoproginator cells Osteoblast Osteocytes Osteoclast 16-12-2022 13 Bone matrix contains lacunae connected by a network of canaliculi

14. 16-12-2022 14

15. 16-12-2022 15

16. Characteristics Living tissue Highly vascular Serves as a storage site for calcium and phosphate Supply by nerve and blood vessel Show pattern of growth Subjected to disease & heal after fracture Regenerative power 16-12-2022 16

17. Classification of bone According to shape According to structure According to development 16-12-2022 17

18. Acc to shape of bone 16-12-2022 18

19. Long bone Typical long bones humerus , radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula; Miniature long bones have only one epiphysis e.g. metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges; 16-12-2022 19

20. 2. Short bones: Shape is usually cuboid , cuneiform, Trapezoid or scaphoid . Examples: tarsal and carpal bones 16-12-2022 20

21. 3. Flat bones Shallow plates Form boundaries of b ody cavities. Examples: Vault of skull, ribs, sternum & scapula 16-12-2022 21

22. 4. Sesamoid bone Bony nodules found embedded in tendons or joint capsules. No periosteum and ossify after birth Functions are: (a) To resist pressure & friction (c) To alter direction of pull of muscle (d) To maintain local circulation. 16-12-2022 22

23. 5. Irregular bone Vertebrae Sacrum , coccyx Temporal , sphenoid, ethmoid , zygomatic , maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha , Hyoid 16-12-2022 23

24. 6. Pneumatic bone Irregular bones contain large air spaces lined by epithelium examples: maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid . Function:- Make skull light in weight, Help in resonance of voice, Act as air conditioning chambers for inspired air 16-12-2022 24

25. 7. Accessory bone (supernumerary bone) Not always present . Developed from extra-centres of ossification. Examples: Sutural bones, os trigonum (lateral tubercle of talus), os vesalianum ( tuberosity of 5 th metatarsal) 16-12-2022 25

26. Structural classification Macroscopically, Compact bone Cancellous bone 16-12-2022 26

27. Compact bone consist of Lamella of collagenous sheet Haversian system or osteon 16-12-2022 27

28. Cancellous bone/ spongy bone Meshwork of bony spicules . Do not form haversian system Architecture of cancellous bone is depend upon trajectory theory (Wolf’s law) Pressure lamellae Tension lamellae 16-12-2022 28

29. 16-12-2022 29

30. 16-12-2022 30

31. Microscopically Classification is based on arrangement of different component in matrix are arranged Woven bone – Collagen fasiscle and bony crystal arranged in mesh network, like woven fabric e.g , callus bone , young fetal bone Lamellar bone- Mineralized matrix arranged in layer of thin sheet e.g. All adult bone 16-12-2022 31

32. Woven bone lamellar bone Lamellar appearance - arrangement of collagen fibres Woven bone is weak- repair of fracture

33. 16-12-2022 33

34. Gross structure 16-12-2022 34

35. Epiphyses Type of epiphyses 16-12-2022 35

36. Blood Supply Supplied by following 4 set of Arteries Nutrient arteries Metaphyseal arteries Epiphyseal Periosteal arteries 16-12-2022 36

37. Developmental classification Membranous bones Cartilaginous bones Membrano - Cartilaginous bones 16-12-2022 37 Types of bones Examples Membranous Bones of cranial vault Facial bones Cartilaginous Bone of limbs Bones of base of skull Bones of vertebral column Bones of thoracic cage Membrano-cartilagnous Mandible Clavicle

38. Intramembranous Ossification Develop from mesenchymal model 16-12-2022 38

39. 16-12-2022 39

40. Intra-cartilaginous Ossification Develop from cartilaginous ossification 16-12-2022 40

41. Intra-cartilaginous Ossification 16-12-2022 41

42. Clinical Paget’s disease 16-12-2022 42

43. MCQ Mainly all bone in the body is made up of both compact and spongy bone, except Clavicle Inferior nasal choncha Patella fabella 16-12-2022 43 Inferior nasal choncha

44. Name muscle in which fabella bone usually develop? Lateral head of Gastrocnemius Long head of biceps femoris Popliteus Adductor longus 16-12-2022 44 Lateral head of Gastrocnemius

45. Clinical Vignettes A 7 year old boy come to an orthopaedics clinic, having a fever, swelling and redness over knee, complain of fatigue and having a history trauma few weeks ago. An X-ray reveal a lesion over tibia, Doctor diagnose a osteomyelitic lesion. Q Name the part of growing long bone commonly effected by osteomyelitis? 16-12-2022 45 Ans Metaphysis

46. A 12 year old child born with a condition called Cleidocranial dysostosis , as shown in image. Q what type of development is shown by clavicle? a) Cartilaginous development b) Membranous development c) Membrano – cartilaginous 16-12-2022 46 Membranous development

47. References Vishram Singh general anatomy e.2014 Histology_ A Text and Atlas_ With Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology, 6th Edition Keith L. Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, Sixth Edition . 16-12-2022 47