Bovine_Tuberculosis_Presentation Material.pptx

I. Introduction
Definition of Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB)
Causative Agent: Mycobacterium bovis
Importance and Impact on Animal and Human Health
II. Epidemiology
Global and Regional Prevalence
Modes of Transmission (Direct & Indirect)
Risk Factors for Infection
III. Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs
Disease Progression in Cattle
Common Clinical Signs
Latent vs. Active Infection
IV. Diagnosis
Tuberculin Skin Test (Single & Comparative)
Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA)
Culture and PCR Methods
Post-Mortem Examination
V. Prevention and Control
Biosecurity Measures on Farms
Testing and Culling Programs
Vaccination Efforts
Regulatory and Government Programs

1. Bovine Tuberculosis and Its Zoonoses Etiological Agent, Epidemiology, Transmission, and Control

2. Etiological Agent: Mycobacterium bovis 1. Taxonomy: - Kingdom: Bacteria - Phylum: Actinobacteria - Genus: Mycobacterium - Species: Mycobacterium bovis 2. Biological Characteristics: - Acid-fast bacillus. - Slow-growing, aerobic organism. - Capable of surviving in the environment for extended periods. 3. Strains: - Genotypic variations found worldwide. - Zoonotic potential mainly associated with close contact between humans and infected animals.

3. Epidemiological Data Worldwide: - Endemic in many countries, especially in low-resource settings. - High prevalence in regions with intensive livestock farming. Philippines: - Cases reported primarily in rural areas. - Data on zoonotic transmission underreported. - Surveillance efforts ongoing.

4. Transmission Dynamics and Risk Factors 1. Transmission: - Direct contact with infected animals or their secretions. - Consumption of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat. 2. Environmental Factors: - Poor sanitation and overcrowding. - Contaminated water and soil. 3. Risk Factors: - Occupational exposure (e.g., farmers, veterinarians). - Immunocompromised individuals at higher risk.

5. Clinical Presentation in Humans 1. Pulmonary TB symptoms: - Cough, chest pain, hemoptysis. 2. Extrapulmonary TB: - Lymphadenopathy, meningitis, bone and joint infections. 3. Latency and Reactivation: - Asymptomatic carriers can later develop active disease.

6. Diagnosis and Surveillance 1. Diagnosis: - Tuberculin skin test (TST) or IGRA for humans. - Culture and molecular tests (e.g., PCR) for confirmation. - Imaging studies (e.g., chest X-ray). 2. Surveillance: - Routine screening of livestock. - Monitoring of high-risk populations.

7. Treatment, Prevention, and Control 1. Treatment: - Prolonged antibiotic regimens (e.g., rifampin, isoniazid). - Multidrug therapy essential to prevent resistance. 2. Prevention: - Pasteurization of dairy products. - Vaccination of cattle with BCG vaccine in some regions. 3. Control: - Regular testing and culling of infected animals. - Biosecurity measures in farms.

8. Conclusion Bovine tuberculosis poses a significant zoonotic risk globally and in the Philippines. Efforts in diagnosis, treatment, and preventive strategies are critical to reduce its impact. Collaborative initiatives between human and animal health sectors are vital.