Brackish water uses in agriculture

this is about uses of brackish water in agriculture

1. welcome

2. ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE-BAPATLA COURSE NO:- SOILS 513 TOPIC :- CHARACTERIZATION OF BRACKISH WATER-EXTENT AND AREA OF BRACKISH WATER IN INDIA-MANAGEMENT OF BRACKISH WATER SUBMITTED BY- B.VENKATAKRISHNA BAM-18-09

3. Brackish water Brackish water or briny water is water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing of sea water with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. The word comes from the Middle Dutch root " brak ". Certain human activities can produce brackish water. Brackish water is also the primary waste product of the salinity gradient power process. Because brackish water is hostile to the growth of most terrestrial plant species without appropriate management it is damaging to the environment.

4. Technically, brackish water contains between 0.5 and 30 grams of salt per litre more often expressed as 0.5 to 30 parts per thousand ( ؉ ) , which is a specific gravity of between 1.005 and 1.010. The characteristic of many brackish surface waters that their salinity can vary considerably over space and/or time.

5. Salinity Water salinity based on dissolved salts Fresh water Brackish water Saline water Brine < 0.05% 0.05–3% 3–5% >5%

6. Spectroscopic Determination of Water Salinity in Brackish Surface Water in Nandoni Dam, at Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa Lebea N. Nthunya et al.,(2018) Water 2018, 10, 990; doi:10.3390/w10080990

7. Brackish water Area in I ndia    There are about 3.9 million ha of estuaries and 3.5 million ha of brackish water areas available in the country. It is estimated that about 1.2 million ha coastal area suitable for development of brackish water aquaculture is available. In addition to this, around 8.5 million ha salt affected areas are available in the country. Out of this, about 2.6 million ha area which are unsuitable or marginally suitable for agriculture, can be utilized for brackish water aquaculture.

8. The coastal mangrove areas is estimated around 0.5 million ha. Out of 1.2 million ha potential area available for brackish water farming, around 1, 94,010 ha were under culture. These brackish water are highly productive areas, but most of them are unused.

9. Salt effected areas in india

10. State-wise details in brackish water area available under culture and production - 2015  Handbook  on  Fisheries Statistics, 2014

11. BRACKISH WATER AREA UTILIZATION IN INDIA It is estimated that India has about 2 million hectares of brackish water areas which could be developed for culturing prawns and fishes. These are in the form of backwaters, mud flats and mangroves. At present only about 50,000 hectares are utilised for growing prawns and fishes. These are highly productive areas, but most of them are unused. Prawns have been cultured traditionally in different types of farms in India.

12. Brackish water Resources of India      Estuaries     Coast Line     Backwater     Mangroves     Lagoons   

13. Brackish water habitats Estuaries Brackish water condition commonly occurs when fresh water meets sea water. In fact, the most extensive brackish water habitats worldwide are estuaries, where a river meets the sea. River estuaries form important staging points during the migration of anadromous and catadromous fish species. Estuaries are also commonly used as fishing grounds, and as places for fish farming or ranching .

14. Mangroves Another important brackish water habitat is the mangrove swamp or mangal . Among the most specialized residents of mangrove forests are mudskippers, fish that forage for food on land. Like estuaries, mangrove swamps are extremely important breeding grounds for many fish, with species such as catfishes and some cichlids spawning or maturing among them.

15. Brackish seas and lakes Some seas and lakes are brackish. The Balck Sea is a brackish sea adjoining the North Sea. Because the salt water coming in from the sea is denser than freshwater, the water in the Baltic is stratified, with salt water at the bottom and freshwater at the top.

16. lakes Chilika lake – Odisha Pulicat lake – andhara Pradesh Kaliveli lake – tamilnadu Kerala backwaters - kerala Kutch Salt Marsh - Gujarat Sambhar Salt Lake – Rajasthan. This Salt lake is also ranked as one of the  top 15 lesser known wonders of Incredible India .

17. Fishes of Marine and Brackish water environments The finfish and shellfish that inhabit brackish waters are invariably euryhaline i.e. they form a group of organisms which physiologically withstands wide changes in salinity of the surrounding medium. Example of euryhaline fish are a mullet ( Mugil cephalus )

18. Effects of Different Physiological Saline Concentrations on the Reproductive Performance of Clarias gariepinus Dokuboba Amachree et al.,(2017) Journal of FisheriesSciences.com

19. HOW IS BRACKISH GROUNDWATER TREATED ? There are two commonly used desalination methods 1.Distillation 2.Reverse osmosis (RO). 1.Distillation this is the traditional approach, is the basic process that takes place in nature whereby the sun causes water to evaporate from surface sources such as lakes, oceans, and streams. The water vapor eventually comes in contact with cooler air. This process can be imitated artificially, and more rapidly than in nature, using alternative sources of heating and cooling.

20. 2.Reverse Osmosis RO technology much more economic than distillation. RO treatment plants use semi permeable membranes and pressure to separate salts from water. Electrodialysis reversal can also be used to remove moderate salt levels (less than 5,000 ppm ). This process uses electrical current and membranes to separate salts from water .

21. RO can remove more than 90% soluble salts and 99% colloid microbial and organic matter from the water. It can also remove the inorganic ions, bacteria and viruses,and then high quality pure water can be obtained. Research Progress of Brackish Water Desalination by Reverse Osmosis Pan Zhang et al., (2012) Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2013, 5, 304-309

22. Use of brackish water for irrigation Brackish water can be directly used for irrigation if there is no fresh water or  fresh water resources are very scarce with the following considerations: The soil salinity and solution concentration should not exceed the limit of crops salt tolerance after irrigation. Brackish water should not be used to irrigated crops at seedling stage in order to avoid the hazards to crop growth . Effective results can be achieved by using brackish water to irrigated wheat,   cotton, corn and other crops timely and properly in the growing seasons. The maximum soil salinity in the root zone that results from continuous use of  brackish water 

23. Objectives of brackish water utilization To monitor the effect of brackish water on physical and chemical properties of a non saline-non scdic soil. To test different water management strategies of brackish water for different crops on long term basis. To evaluate the economics of different water management practices.

24. Effects of salts on crops Reduction in seed size in ground nut when salinity of 3 dS /m. Shalhevet et. al ., In tomato every increase in 1.5 dS /m, 10 percent yield reduction. Shalhevet et .al ., Increased salinity reduced fruit size in muskmelon . Meiri et. al ., Grape fruit yield decreased with increase in chloride ion concentration. Bielorai et .al., Pulse crops are sensitive to salinity.

25. Management of brackish water in agriculture 1.Crop management Selection of crops- tolerant crops   barley,  camelina , rye, safflower, sunflower, and sugar beet. Sensitive Growth stages - germination, seedling stage Planting methods – furrow Planting, increasing plant density

26. 2 . Irrigation management Leaching of salts for salt balance Irrigation interval - frequent intervals Water table management – surface drainage Pre-sowing irrigation Integrated use of poor and good quality water Irrigating the fields by drip and sprinkler irrigation.

27. Precautions in brackish water use Water should be applied in lesser amounts. Soils should be in lighter in texture, porous, permeable. Irrigation should be applied in frequent intervals. Evaporation should be reduced as far as economically possible. Water table depth should be lowere d .

28. 6. Land should be graded, leveled 7. Drainage of field should be properly maintained 8. Soil should be in good physical condition by addition of organic matter 9. Growing of salt tolerant c rops

29. Treatments Plant height(cm ) Number of tillers/plant Number of kernels /panicle Paddy yield(t/ha) 1000-grain weight(g ) Control 106c 8c 134c 3.33b 19c Press mud 126a 14a 217a 4.87a 21ab Poultry manure 125a 15a 204a 5.10a 22a FYM 118b 11b 181b 4.85a 20bc Effect of organic amendments on growth characteristics of rice irrigated with brackish water M. Ashraf , Rahmatullah and M.A. Gill(2005) Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 42(1-2),

30. Epidemiological Investigation of Brackish Water Culture Systems in West Bengal, India R. Ananda Raja et al ., 2012 A total of 198 farms were randomly surveyed with a structured questionnaire. The data showed that there was a significant difference in outbreak of white spot disease ( WSD), shell-associated problems, and gill-associated problems.Among all systems, stunted and uneven growth and white fecal disease (only in shrimp monoculture) were the dominant emerging disorders . Journal of Applied Aquaculture  24(1):49-59 · January 2012

31. Influence of Brackish water aquaculture on Soil Salinisation Mitra Rajarshi et al .,(2011) International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment Vol. 1 Issue 2 Oct. 2011(166-168) ISSN 2248-9649

32. Electrodialytic desalination of brackish water: effect of process on water characteristics Ionics (2010) 16:621–629 Mourad Ben Sik Ali et al., (2009)

33. Bacterial diversity of tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) cultured in brackish water in Saudi Arabia Ahmed H et al., (2004) Aquaculture 250 (2005) 566 – 572

34. BRACKISH WATER AQUACULTURE- Andaman & Nicobar by CIBA the 33,000 hectares brackish water resources are available in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, the brackish water Aquaculture is practically absent. Most of the brackish water resources are mangrove infested and come under reserved forest. The presence of salt water crocodile in some parts of islands is impeding the development in these areas for brackish water aquaculture. Good quantities of mullets, milk fish, sea bass, shrimps and crabs are available in the mangrove areas. These species could be cultured in the brackish water areas suitable for aquaculture. During 2003, a survey was conducted by Central Institute of Brackish water Aquaculture, Chennai and they had identified The total area for Brackish water Aquaculture is 618.806 Ha. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Fisheries Policy, 2018 CASE STUDY