Breeding and Habitat of Siamese fighter fish Thesis (Desertation)

Breeding and Habitat of Siamese fighter fish Thesis (Desertation)

1. “StudyOnBreedingandHabitateofSiameseFighting
Fish(Bettasplendens)’’
DISSERTATION
Forthefulfillmentsoftherequirementfortheawardofdegreeof
MasterofFisheriesScience,
DepartmentofZoologyandAppliedAquaculture,
BarkatullahUniversity,Bhopal(M.P)
(2021-2022)
SUBMITTEDBY
SHUBHAMPATIDAR
UNDERTHEGUIDANCEOF
Dr.SHRIPARNASAXENA
CO-GUIDANCEOFMr.SHADABSIDDIQUE
DepartmentofZoologyandAppliedAquaculture,BarkatullahUniversity,
Bhopal-462026
MADHYAPRADESH,INDIA.

2. DECLARATION
Iherebythattheinternshipworkentitled“StudyOnBreedingandHabitateof
SiameseFightingFish(Bettasplendens)’’tobesubmittedtoDepartmentof
ZoologyandAppliedAquaculture,BarkatullahUniversity,Bhopal,(M.P.)forthe
partialfulfillmentofMasterofFisheriesScience(Aquaculture),isanoriginalwork
outbymeatthedepartment.Thematterembodiedinthisprojectworkisoriginal,
andisnotsubstantiallythesameasone,whichhasbeensubmittedfordegreeor
diplomainanycollege,universityandinstitutioninIndiaorinabroad.
Date:
Place:
SHUBHAMPATIDAR

3. BARKATULLAHUNIVERSITY,BHOPAL
DEPARTMENTOFZOOLOGY&APPLIED
AQUACULTURE
Phone:[phone]
[phone]
DR.VIPINVYAS E-Mail:[email protected]
M.Sc.,Ph.D.
HeadoftheDepartmentofZoology&Applied RefNo.:
AquacultureBarkatullahUniversity,
Bhopal-462026
CERTIFICATE
Thisistocertifythattheworkofdissertationentitled“StudyOn
BreedingandHabitateofSiameseFightingFish(Bettasplendens)’’
hasbeencarriedoutbyMr.ShubhamPatidarunderguidanceofDr.
ShriparnaSaxenaandco-guidenceMr.ShadabhSiddiqueforthe
partialfulfillmentofMasterofFisheriesScience(AQUACULTURE)
intheDepartmentofZoologyandAppliedAquaculture,Barkatullah
University,Bhopalduringtheacademicsession2021-22.
Iwishhimeverysuccessinhis/heracademiccareer.
Tothebestofmyknowledgeandbelief,thedissertation:
1.embodiestheworkofcandidatehimself;
2.hasdulybeencompleted;
3.fulfilstherequirementsofOrdinancerelatingtotheM.F.Sc.
degreeofTheUniversity;and
4.Isuptothestandard,bothinrespectofcontentsandlanguage
forbeingreferredtotheexaminer.
Dated:
(Dr.VIPINVYAS)

4. DEPARTMENTOFZOOLOGYANDAPPLIED
AQUACULTURE
BARKATULLAHUNIVERSITY,BHOPAL–
462026(M.P)India
________________________________________________________
__________
Dr.ShriparnaSaxena Phone:
TeacherIncharge Date:
CERTIFICATE
Thisistocertifythattheworkofdissertationentitled“StudyOn
BreedingandHabitateofSiameseFightingFish(Betta
splendens)’’hasbeencarriedoutbyMr.ShubhamPatidarmy
guidanceandco-guidanceMr.ShadabSiddiqueforthepartial
fulfilmentofM.F.Sc.intheDepartmentofZoologyandApplied
Aquaculture,BarkatullahUniversity,Bhopalduringtheacademic
session2021-22.Thisisentirelyanoriginalprofileofthis,andnopart
oftheworkhasbeenevenpresentedbeforebyanystudentofany
placeinIndia.Shehasbeensincereinhisworkandthissuccesshas
establishedthevalidityofhishonestendeavours.
Iwishhiseverysuccessinhisacademiccareer.
Date:
Place:Bhopal
Dr.ShriparnaSaxena

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
FirstlyandForemost,IamhighlythankfultoAlmightyGodthemostmerciful,
thebeneficent,theonlyownerandtheonlyrulingjudgeoftheworldfor
showeringhischoiceblessingonmewithgreatreverence,Iwishtoexpressmy
heartfeltthanksanddeepgratitudetoDr.VipinVyas,Headofthe“Department
ofZoologyandAppliedAquaculture’’BarkatullahUniversity,Bhopalwhose
generousguidance,encouragement,persistentsupervisionandinstanceonbetter
quailenabledmetoworkhardandcompletethiswork.
Iwouldliketoexpressmyindigenousanddeepestsenseofgratitudetomy
guideDr.ShriparnaSaxena,forhervaluableinformation,suggestion,Keen
interest,andpolitebehaviorduringtheperiodofmydissertation.Sheshowed
medifferentwaystoapproacharesearchproblemandtheneedtobepersistent
toaccomplishmygoal.
OnceagainexpressmyloveandspecialthankstoDr.ShriparnaSaxena,my
guideforherprecioussuggestion,constructivecriticism,andencouragement
throughoutthecourseofinvestigationthatmadeitpossibleformetoputforth
thismanuscript.Shehasbeenatruemotivationofthesubjectmatterand
persistencefortheperfectnessgotthebestoutofmyheart.
Iwouldliketoexpressmyindigenousanddeepestsenseofgratitudetomyco-
guideMr.ShadabSiddique,forhervaluableinformation,suggestion,Keen
interest,andpolitebehaviorduringtheperiodofmydissertation.Sheshowed
medifferentwaystoapproacharesearchproblemandtheneedtobepersistent
toaccomplishmygoal.
IwishtoacknowledgemysincerethankstoPhDscholarsMr.ShadabSiddique,
Miss.AnubhutiMinnare,Mr.ArvindSirofDepartmentofZoologyandApplied
Aquaculture,BarkatullahUniversityBhopalforhervaluablesupport,consultant
guidanceanduntiringhelpwhiledoingmywork.
Ideemtomyproudprivilegetoexpressmydeepsenseofgratitudetomodest,
generousandcourteouspersonalities,mysweetandcaringpapaMr.Vasudev
PatidarmymomMrs.SandhyaPatidar,brotherDr.SourabhPatidar,andLoving
fianceeMiss.RavinaPatidaraffectionatelyandsincerelyacknowledgegiventomeby
mymentorandlovingSeniorsespeciallyMr.PrateekKumarTiwari,&myloving
juniorMr.ShubhenduDwivedi.
IamalsoverythankfultoallstaffmembersofthisDepartment.
Finally,onceagainIwouldliketothankalmightyGodwithouthisgraciousblessing
nothingispossible.
SHUBHAMPATIDAR

6. CONTENT
1.INTRODUCTION
2.REVIEWOFLITERATURE
3.MATERIALANDMETHOD
4.OBSERVATIONS
5.RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
6.BIBLIOGRAPHY

7. ABSTRACT
Overthepastfiveyears,IhavebeenadoptingBettasfromdifferentcountries
aroundtheworldsuchasThailand,Malaysia,SingaporeandUnitedStates.
DuringthistimeIhavemetalotoffBettaloverswhichmademenoticehow
theywerereallyinterestedinbreedingthesecreatures.Buttheproblemis
undertakingaBettaspawningprojectisabitmoreofachallengeforpeople
whoarenewtothisfield.Iresearchedbothbooksandonlinewebsitestryingto
findananswerforthisquestionwhichmademediscoverthatthisareais
lackinginInteractivewebcontent.Therefore,Iwilltrytousemydesignskills
tohelpimprovingBettafishlover’swebsitesbycreatinganonlinewebsitethat
allowsyoutotrytheexperienceofbreedingBettasinteractively.Ifflash
interactivitywereusedinthisfield,willitbethebestchoiceforpeopletoeasily
understandtheprocessofbreedingBettasandlearnmoreaboutthem?
Myworkisanexplorationindesigningcontentthatusesmultipletosupport
Bettafishbreeding,thiswilloffergeneralinformationaboutBettafish,will
explaintheirdietandhowtotakeagoodcareofthem,willofferandwillallow
theusertotryandbreedBettasinteractivelyinordertomakehimsucceedinit
inrealtime.
Keywords:Bettasplendens,Substrate,Livefeed,

8. INTRODUCTION
Siamesefightingfishalsoknownas“Bettafish”isoneofthemostwellknown
freshwaterfisharoundtheworld.Theirbeautifulcolorsandlongfinnageisoneof
thereasonsinwhichmostpeoplearefamiliarwiththesefish.Alsotheirunique
labyrinthorganthathelpsthisfishtogetoxygenfromtheairmadeiteasyfor
peopletoadopt.
•Family:Anabantidae
•Bettasplendens
•Origin:EastMalayaandThailand
•Size:-Approximately6cm.
•Temperature:24°Cto28°C
•Fecundity:300-500eggs.
Malelargewithpointeddorsalfin,femalewithroundeddorsalfin
Femaleshowwhitegenitalpapilla,roundedbelly
Sexualdimorphism
Malelarger,morepronouncedfinnage,morecolourfulthan
female
Femaleshowwhitegenitalpapilla,roundedbelly
Inmaledorsalfinispointed,whileinfemalerounded.
Ithasbeenfoundinmanyspecies,includingBettasplendens(Siamesefightingfish)and
Hirundorustica(barnswallows),thatredpigmentationindicatesgoodimmunityandhealthinan
individual,whichisindicativeoftheirgenesandreproductivesuccess(Sainoetal,2000).In
additiontothis,previousresearchhasshownthatfemalebettastendtopreferdarkred-
pigmentedmalesoverlightred-pigmentedmales(Clotfelteretal.,2007),aswellaspreferring
redmalesoverbluemales(Clotfelteretal.2007).
Insomespeciesoffish,suchasPoeciliareticulata,colormayindicateasevereparasite
infestationandthus,brightflashycolorsmightindicateimmunocompetence(Houdeetal.1992).
However,severeparasiteinfestationsresultinlethargy,whichmightmakeamalelesswillingto
expendtheenergyrequiredtocourtafemale.
Bettafisharewellknownfortheirflashycolorsandextremelyaggressivebehavior(Doutrelant
&McGregor,2000).Theyareanexcellentmodelspeciesforstudiesofbothintrasexualand

9. intersexualselection.Ifplacedinthesameenclosure,malebettaswillfight,especiallyiftheyare
protectingaterritorycontainingabubblenestmeantforareceptivefemale(Noble,1938).
Thisisanexampleofintrasexualselectionasmalesarecompetingagainstothermalesfor
territory,females,defense,andsoon.Ithasalsobeenfoundthatfemalebettaswill“eavesdrop”
onfightingmalestoselectthewinner,whichisanexampleofintersexualselection(Doutrelant
&McGregor,2000).
Ifreceptive,themalewillattackafemaletodetermineherreadinesstobreed(Noble,1938),thus
againindicatingintersexualselection.Themalemusttestherreadinesstobreed,thus
determiningifsheisreceptive,fit,andworththeenergyittakestoproducespermandcopulate.
Ourpreliminaryobservations,inadditiontopreviousresearch,haveshownthatfemaleswill
selectmalesforanumberofreasonsifthereisnotanopportunitytoeavesdrop,includingmale
flashinessandcolor,oraggressivenessandmovement(Dzieweczynskietal.,2005).
Whatisnotknowniswhichofthesetwocategoriesmattersmosttothefemale:coloror
movement?Wehypothesizedthatfemalebettaswillpreferredmalesoverbluemalesdueto
previousresearchsuggestingthatredcolorationisanindicationofhealthandimmunity.Wealso
hypothesizethatfemalebettawillprefermovementovercolor.Thus,itispredictedthatfemale
bettaswillspendonaveragemoretimepursuingbluemalebettacutoutsthatmoveversesred
malebettacutoutsthatarestationary.

10. REVIEWOFLITERATURE
TheSiamesefightingfish(B.splendensRegan,1910),widelydistributedthroughout
SoutheastAsia,andisoneofthemostpopularspeciesofgreatcommercialvaluefor
freshwateraquarium.B.splendensstandsoutasoneofthemostbeautifulandbestselling
ornamentalfishfromtropicalwater(Chapmanetal.,1997;Lima,2003).
Inrecentyears,therehasbeenanincreaseintheinterestofB.splendensinaquariumsin
SriLanka.Moreoverlong-finnedmalesareveryimportanteconomically,providingthe
highestincomeamongtheexportedornamentalfishes(Wiwatchaisaet,2000).Larval
rearingisoneofthekeystepsforanyaquacultureachievement(RinnaHamlinetal.,
2014).
Buthighrateofmortalityatthelarvalproductionstageisacriticalissueforfighterfish
rearing.Specialawarenessshouldbetakenforlarvalrearingbecausethisstageismore
pivotalthananyotherstagesoflifecycle(RinnaHamlinetal.,2014).
Fighterfishlarvaeareusuallyverysmall,extremelyfragile,andgenerallynot
physiologicallyfullydeveloped(LavenandSorgeloos,1996).Combinationoffactors
includingnutrition,Shelter,Waterquality,Pathogensandstressdecidethelarvalsurvival.
Fishthatbuildandguardbubblenestsaregourami(includingBettaspecies)
(Jaroensutasinee,2005).Bubblenestbuildingisthefirststepofthefishreproductive
cycle(Hall,1968).
Bubblenests,alsocalledfoamnests,wheremalesbuildbubblenestsbyblowingbubbles
aroundafloatingbase.Femalesspawnunderthenest,wherethemalewaitstofertilize
theeggsandtypically400-500eggsarespawnedbyfemalefish(Sterba,1983;Sakuraiet
al.,1992).
Reproductivesuccessofmalefishmainlydependsonsizeofbubblenestasitpossible
(HaungandCheng,2006).Alargerbubblenestsupportmorefertilizedeggsand
facilitatesefficientoxygenationforthoseeggsandlarvae(Jaroensutasinee,2001).In
termoflarvalnutrition,manystudiesrevealedthatlivefeedshadabettergrowthand
survivalthanthatoflarvalfeddryfeed.Mostaquariumfishareunwillingtoaccept
Artemiaalsorepresenttheonlypracticalfoodsourcefortheearlystagesofmanyfish
andcrustaceanlarvae(Bardach,1972).Siamesefightingfishisomnivorousasevidenced
byaquariumspecimenswhichwillreadilytakemostfoodprovided.Thequantityand
qualityoffeedsareimportantfactorsaffectingtheGrowthperformanceandreproduction
inornamentalfish(DeganiandYehuda,1996).So,properlivefeedselectionisimportant
inearlypartofthegrowthstageoffish.

11. REPRODUCTIONANDPROPAGATION
Breedingfishtoobtainthedesiredcharacteristicsrequiresknowledgeofthelineageof
bothmaleandfemale.
Thepairmustbeplacedinajarwithproperdimensionsinthepresenceofvegetation.
Thedepthofwaterusedshouldnotexceed15cmsothatthehatchedfrythattendtosink
cancomeuptothesurfacetobreathe6.Yuccaandtropicalalmondleaf(Terminalia
catappa)extracts(theactiveingredientsin,e.g.,Atison’sBettaspa,OceanNutrition)are
usedinthespawningvesselwiththeaimofriddingbodywasteand,inparticular,
ammonia.
Usually,insituinfusoriaandpurchasedwaterfleas(Daphniasp.andMoinasp.)areused
asnaturalfeedsforthefry.However,somefishtanksmaynothavesufficientinfusoria,
inwhichcaseartificialfeedshavetobeused.
Artificialfeedsforyoungfish(whichmaynumberupto500perlitter)areselectedby
theirparticlesizeandnutritiousvalue,e.g.,yolkofboiledeggmixedwithwaterormixed
withstandardfeedssievedtoobtainonlyparticlessmallenoughforthem.
DecapsulatedArtemiacystshavetobegroundbeforemixingwithfloatingmaterialfor
efficientuseasfeed.Feedsofdifferentsizesareusedatvariousstagesofdevelopmentto
ensuregoodhealthandsurvival.
Atabouttwomonthsafterhatching,malesaremorphologicallydistinguishablefrom
females.ToScienceAsia35(2009)13keepthemalesfromfighting,4-montholdmales
mayhavetobeisolated.Atthefarmlevel,pricesarethenfixedforthebeautyorfighting
abilitiesofrepresentativesofthelitter.
Becauseoftheirlacklustrecoloursanddisplay,femalesareusuallysoldenmasseata
verylowprice;onlysomearekeptforbreeding.Breedersthenusesomeofthesefish
withthedesiredcharacteristicstofurtherpropagatethelines.
Ithasbeenfoundinmanyspecies,includingBettasplendens(Siamesefightingfish)and
Hirundorustica(barnswallows),thatredpigmentationindicatesgoodimmunityandhealthinan
individual,whichisindicativeoftheirgenesandreproductivesuccess(Sainoetal,2000).In
additiontothis,previousresearchhasshownthatfemalebettastendtopreferdarkred-
pigmentedmalesoverlightred-pigmentedmales(Clotfelteretal.,2007),aswellaspreferring
redmalesoverbluemales(Clotfelteretal.2007).Insomespeciesoffish,suchasPoecilia
reticulata,colormayindicateasevereparasiteinfestationandthus,brightflashycolorsmight
indicateimmunocompetence(Houdeetal.1992).However,severeparasiteinfestationsresultin
lethargy,whichmightmakeamalelesswillingtoexpendtheenergyrequiredtocourtafemale.
Bettafisharewellknownfortheirflashycolorsandextremelyaggressivebehavior(Doutrelant
&McGregor,2000).Theyareanexcellentmodelspeciesforstudiesofbothintrasexualand
intersexualselection.Ifplacedinthesameenclosure,malebettaswillfight,especiallyiftheyare
protectingaterritorycontainingabubblenestmeantforareceptivefemale(Noble,1938)

12. MATERIALANDMETHOD
TankSetupforBreedingBettaFish
Settingupappropriatetankswillincreaseyourfish’shealthandaidinsuccessfully
breedingthebettafish.
HowtoSetUpaPermanentBettaTank
Firstofall,youwillneedtoconsiderwhereyouwillbekeepingthebettafishyouwould
liketomate.Thesetankswillbethepermanentaquariumhomeforyourfish.
Bettasareincrediblyterritorial,soifyou’replanningonkeepingbothmaleandfemalebettafish,
you’llneedatleasttwopermanentbettafishtanks.
Malebettasshouldbehousedseparatelyfromothermales(possiblywithafewcompatibletank
mates).Femalescanbekeptingroupscalledsororitytanks.Thegroupshouldbeaminimumof
four.
Bettafishrequireatankthatisaminimumoffivegallons.Forgroupsoffemales,youwillneed
atankofabout20gallonsormore.
Bettafisharen’tcomfortableinwaterwithastrongflow,sowhenchoosingafiltertopickone
thathasanadjustablefloworisverygentle.
Bettafishalsopreferwaterthat’sbetween77and80degreesFahrenheit,sounlessyouliveinan
areathathasawarmclimateallyearround,youwillneedtoinstallaheater.Warmwateralso
aidsinbreedingbettafishasitstimulatestheirurgetoreproduce.
Onceyouhaveapermanenttanksetuptothatsize,withaheaterandafilteryouwillwantto
makeitentertainingforyourfish.Includingliveplantsforbetta(orsomesilkplants)will
provideareasforyourbettafishtohideandresttheirfinson
HowtoChooseASuccessfulBreedingPair
Whenitcomestothe‘secrets’ofhowtobreedbettafishsuccessfully,selectingtheperfectpair
iscrucial.
It’sessentialtochooseamatingpairthatishealthyandalsofeaturesthecolorsandfinshapes
youhopetoachieve.Forexample,ifyouwanttoraiseveiltailbettas,you’llneedtoselecttwo
healthyveiltailfish.
It’softenbesttopurchaseyourbettafishfromareputablebreederbecauseabreedercantellyou
howoldthefishare.Breedingbettafishworksbestwhenbothmatesarebetweenfourmonths
andoneyearold.

13. Breedingbettasthatareover14monthsoldisoftenunsuccessful.
HowtoIntroducetheMaletotheFemaleBetta
Breedingbettafishreallybeginswhenbothfishhavebeenintroducedtothebreedingtank.This
iswhenthemaleandfemalewillgettoknoweachother,eventhoughtheycan’tyetinteract,and
willbegintodisplaythatthey’rereadyformating.
Oncethemalebettafishtakesnoticeofthefemale,hewillbegintoflarehisfinsather,dancing
aroundherinordertoattractherattention.Hiscolorswillalsodeepenandbecomemorevivid.
Thechangesinthefemalebettawillbeevenmorenoticeable.Hercolorswillalsodeepen,and
darkstripeswillappearonherbody.Thesestripesshouldbevertical.Ifthey’rehorizontal,the
femaleisnotreadytobreed.
TheBubbleNest
Oneofthemostfascinatingaspectsofhowtobreedbettasisthebubblenest.Oncehebecomes
interestedinthefemale,themalebettafishwillbegintoconstructthisnest.
Thenestis,asthenamesuggests,madeofairbubblescoatedinsaliva.Eachbettafish,suchas
theImbellisbettabuildsanestthathelikes,sotherecanbebigdifferencesinthesizeandshape
ofthenestfromfishtofish.You’llknowthenestiscompleteoncethemalestopsworkingon
it.Thebubblenestservestwopurposes.First,ithelpsafemalebettajudgewhetherthemaleisa
fitmateforher.Shewillcarefullyinspectthenestbeforebreeding.Thenestalsohelpstoprotect
theeggsuntiltheyhatch.
Mating
Afterbetween12to24hours,thebubblenestwillmostlikelybecomplete.Thisisthetimeto
allowthemaleandfemalebettafishtointeract.Oncethefemalehasbeenreleased,sheshould
swimdirectlytothebubblenest.Ifshedisapproves,shewilleitherleaveordestroythenest.
Ifthefemaledoesn’tlikethenest,youcanreturnhertoherfloatingcontainerorputthedivider
backinplace.Themalemayworkonthenestagain,perfectingit,andyoucantrybreedingthe
bettafishagain.However,ifthefemaledecidesagainthatshedoesn’tlikethenest,thepairis
likelynotsuitedforbreeding.
HowDoBettasMate?
Ifthefemalestaysnearthenest,itmeanssheapprovesofit.Atthispoint,themalewillswimto
herandbegindancingaroundher.Hewillalsostarttochasethefemalearoundthetank.
Althoughthisispartofbreedingbettas,it’simportanttokeepaneyeonthepairtoensurethe
femaledoesn’tgetinjured.Themaleandfemalewillswimclosetoeachother,potentiallyflaring
theirfinsateachothereverysooften.Thispatternofchasingorswimmingnexttoeachother
cancontinueforuptothreehours.Duringthistime,trynottodisturbthebettafish.Thismeans
thatyou’llalsowanttoholdoffonfeedingthepair.

14. Oncethefemalesignalstothemalethatshe’sreadytomate,they’llmoveclosertogetherand
maymovetowardsthenest.Themalewillturnthefemaleoverandwraphimselfaroundher.The
eggsmaynotbereleasedduringthefirstembrace,butthemaleandfemalewillembraceseveral
timesuntilalloftheeggsarereleased.Whileshe’slayingtheeggs,thefemalebettamayseem
sickorlimp,butthisisnormal.Astheeggsrelease,themalewillpickthemupandbringthemto
thebubblenest.
RemovingtheFemaleBettaFishTheegglayingprocesscanhappenquickly,takingonlya
fewminutes,ormaygoonforafewhours.Oncethemaleandfemalebettasstopembracing,
thefemalewillneedtoberemovedfromthetank.Mostfemaleswilleattheeggsthey’ve
justlaid,soit’sbesttoletthemalehandlealloftheeggcare.Atthispoint,themalewillalso
becometerritorialonceagainandmayattackthefemale.
EggHatching&CaringfortheBettaFryThemalebettawillspendthenextfewdaysafter
theeggshavebeenlaidcaringforthemandkeepingthebubblenestinshape.He’llcollect
anyeggsthatdroptothebottomandreturnthemtothenest.Youmayalsoseehimeatan
eggeverynowandthen.
Thisisn’tasignofaggression,butawaytodisposeofanyunfertilizedeggs.Bettaeggsusually
hatchwithintwoorthreedays.Thebabybettas,orfry,willwiggleoutoftheireggsanddrop
fromthenest.Themalewillcollectthemandputthemback.Thefrycan’tswimontheirown
yetandwillneedtimetodevelop.
Oncethefrybeginswimmingontheirown,themalecanbemovedbacktohisowntank.The
youngfryshouldbefednutritiousfoodssuchasmicroworms,infusoria,orvinega.
Fig1Male Fig2Female

15. Tank Frozenbloodworms
Adjustableheater Liveorplasticplant BrineShrimpEggs
Brooder

16. RESULTANDDISCUSSION
DuringmyBettabreedingtrials,Itooksomehighqualityvideosandimagesshowingthe
spawningprocess.
ThevideoshelpedmeinunderstandingthebehaviorofBettafish,andwereagoodreferencefor
IllustratingandanimatingthemattingstagesinFlash.
IntroducetheFemale
Nowcomestheexcitingpart.It’stimetointroducethefemaletothemale;thisisnotaquick
processandyouneedtodoitslowly.
Thereareacoupleofwaystoaddthefemaletothetank:
1.Eitherbyusingadivider
2.Orfloatingherinasee-throughcontainer
Letheradjusttohernewsettingforaround30minutesbeforeintroducingthemale.Ifyou’ve
usingadivider,youwilladdthemaletotheoppositesideofthetankandallowhimtoswim
around.
Youwillnoticethatthemaleturnsadeepershadeofcolorandwillstarttoflarehisfinsinan
attempttoimpressthefemale.Youmightnoticehimnippingthecontainerthatsheisin(thisis
tobeexpected).
Ifthefemaleisinterestedinhim,hercolorwillalsodarkenandshewilldisplayverticalstripes
acrossherbody,knownasherbarringpattern.Heroviposter(asmallwhitetubefromwhichshe
layseggs)willalsoprotrudebehindtheventralfin.Youmayalsonoticeshewagsherbodyback
athim.
Themalewillusuallybuildabubblenestwithin24hoursofseeingthefemale.Thebubblenest
ismadefromairbubbleswhicharemadebytheBettaandthey’recoatedinsalivatomakethem
durable.
Thebubblenestwillusuallybebuiltnexttoanobjectthatbreaksthewater,suchastheStyrofoamorthe
leaf.Sometimestheyarebuiltatthesurfaceofthewaterandsometimestheyarebuiltjustbelow
whateverisfloating.
BettaFishMakingBubbleNest
ReleasetheFemale
Oncethenestismade,youcanreleasethefemaleintothetank.Thisisusuallyaround12-24
hoursafterfirstintroducingthem.Ifyouchosetouseasmallcontainer,makesureyoudon’t
leaveherinthereforlongerthananhourandmoveherbacktothepermanenttankwhilethe
malebuildshisnest.

17. Ifyouusedadivider,youcannowremoveitandallowthefemaleaccesstothewholetank.If
youusedasmallcontainer,sitthefemaleinitforanotherhalfanhourandthenaddhertothe
tank.
Shewillmostlikelyswimstraighttothebubblenesttoinspectit.Ifit’snotuptoscratch,she
willeitherswimawayordestroyit.Ifshedoesdestroyit,removethefemaleandstartthe
processagain.Ifshedestroysitasecondtimeyoumayneedtofindanotherpairing.
Whenthemalehasspottedthatthefemaleiswithinhisreach,hisdisplayswillbecomemore
impressiveandhewillstarttochaseheraroundthetank.
Itisnormaltoseechasingandbitingforafewhours,butit’sstillimportanttokeepacloseeyeduring
thisstageandbereadytointerveneifthingsturnnasty.Theystarttoperformadancewheretheyswim
nexttoeachotherandflaretheirfinseveryinchorso.Themalewillchaseherandnipatherfinsifshe
isn’tresponding;shemayalsoneedsomewheretohide(thisiswhyplantsorhidingplacesareso
important).Thiswillcontinueuntilthefemaleisreadytospawn.Thesignswhichfemalesdisplay
indicatingtheyarereadytospawndependsontheirnature.Somefemalesshowtheirsubmissiveness
straightaway,swimminguptothemalewiththeirheaddownandfinsbytheirside,otherswillchargeat
thenest.
TheNuptialEmbrace
Oncesheisready,thematingdancewillbegin.Theaimofthemaleistoflipthefemaleupsidedownand
wraphimselfaroundhertofertilizetheeggsasshereleasesthem.
Fig4MaleBettaontheleftside&femaleBettaisontherightside

18. Fig5Thecouplecomeinclosecontactandthefemalereleasestheeggs
Fig6Bubblenestproducedbythemale
Fig7MaleBettaisguardingtheeggsinthebubblenest

19. Fig8Bettafemaleretreatsfromthemale
Fig9Themaleiscollectingthefalleneggsandplacingthembackinthenest
Fig10Bettafisheggs

20. Fig11MaleBettatakingcareofthebabies(fries)
Fig12Themaleiscollectingthefallenbabiestoreplacethembackinthe
nest
Fig13Twodayoldbabiesswimmingintheaquarium

21. Fig14FourdayoldBetta
Fig15TendayoldBetta
Theaverageamountoftime(s)femalebetafishspentactivelyfixatedonmalesofeithercolour.
Errorbarsrepresentstandarderror.
Inexperimentone,femalesspentsignificantlymoretimeactivelyfixatedontheredmalesversus
thebluemales.
Theaverageamountoftime(s)femalebetafishspentactivelyfixatedonmalecutoutsofeither
colourinfourdifferentmovementconditions.Errorbarsrepresentstandarderror.
Inexperimenttwo,whenfemaleswerepresentedwithtwomovingcutoutsthatresembledared
maleandabluemale,theyspentsignificantlymoretimeactivelyfixatedontheredcutoutversus
thebluecutoutWhenpresentedwithamovingredcutoutandastillbluecutout,figuretwo
illustrateshowthefemalesspentonaveragemoretimeactivelyfixatedontheredcutout.When
presentedwithamovingbluecutoutandastillredcutouthowever,females,onaverage,spent
moretimeactivelyfixatedontheredcutout.However,thisdifferencewasnotfoundtobe
significant.Whenpresentedwithbothnon-movingcutouts,thefemales,onaverage,didnot
spendasignificantamountoftimemoreactivelyfixatedoneithercoloredcutout.
Theproportionoftimefemalebettafishspentactivelyfixatedonredcutoutsoverbluecutouts.
Errorbarsrepresentstandarderror.

22. Inordertocomparefemalepreferenceacrossthefouconditions,wetookthetimethefemale
spentactivelyfixatedonthered,subtractedbythetimeactivelyfixatedontheblue,anddivided
bythetotalactivefixationtimetoillustratewherethefemales’preferencewasdirectedtowards
ineachconditionintheformofaproportionofpreference.Theproportionoftimefemalesspent
activelyfixatedonredcutoutsoverbluecutoutsonlydifferssignificantlywhenthebluecutout
wastheonlycutoutinmovement(Fig13)
Comparingthemeanofeachconditiontothemeanofeveryotherconditionshowedstatistically
significantdifferencesinmeansonlybetweenthe“bluemove”conditionandtheotherthree
conditions.
DISCUSSION
Aspredicted,whenfemaleB.splendenswerepresentedwithlivemalestheypreferredmales
withredpigmentationovermaleswithbluepigmentation.Thisresultsupportsapreviousstudy
conductedbyClotfelteretal(2007)inwhichtheyalsoobservedthatfemalebettaspreferredred
coloredmalesovertheirbluecounterparts.Clotfelteretalalsofoundapositivecorrelation
betweenredpigmentationandimmunocompetenceinmalebettas.Theseresultssuggestthat
femalespreferred-pigmentedmalesbecausetheyareofbetterhealthandhavestrongerimmune
systems.Asimilarpatternhasbeenobservedinfemaleguppies(Poeciliareticulata).Itwasfound
thatfemaleguppieshaveastrongerpreferenceformaleswithhighersystemlevelsofcarotenoid
pigments(Houdeetal.,1992).Duetothefactthatcarotenoidpigmentsareobtainedthrough
foraging,highlevelsofcarotenoidpigmentsmayindicatethatamalebettaisastrongforager
(Grether2000).Knowingthis,weproposethatfemalebettapreferredpigmentedmalesbecause
itisanindicatoramale’sabilitytoforage,hisimmunesystemandassociatedgenes,andoverall
health.However,itisimportanttonotethatallbettasusedinourstudywereobtainedfrom
commercialsuppliersandtheirmatepreferencesmaynotbeindicativeofthoseinwildbettafish.
Commercialsuppliersbreedbettafishwithpatternsandcolorationsthatconsumersareinterested
inbuyingandnotnecessarilythosethatarecommoninthewild(Monvisesetal,2009).Future
studiesmightlookatwhetherwildfemalebettaspreferredmalesoverbluemales.
Inoursecondexperimentwefoundthatfemalebettaspresentedwithmalecutoutsspent,on
average,moretimeactivelyfixatedontheredcutoutsthanonbluecutoutswiththeexceptionof
theconditioninwhichthebluecutoutwasmovingandtheredwasimmobile.Theseresults
supportourhypothesis,whichstatesthatwhenconsideringamate,femalebettaspreferred
pigmentation,butwillchoosemovementovercolor.Wespeculatethatfemalebettapreferred
cutoutsthemajorityofthetimebecause,asdemonstratedinvariousstudies,redpigmentation
mightindicategoodhealth,superiorforagingability,andimmunocompetence(Clotfelteretal
2007;Grether2000;Putnam1992).Withrespecttothethirdcondition;whilethefemales
seemedtopreferthebluemovingcutoutovertheunmovingredcutout,thisdifferencewasnot
foundtobesignificant.Ifthesamplesizewerelargerthanseven,itispossiblethatthedifference
observedbetweentheaverageamountoftimethefemalesspentfixatedoneithercutoutcouldbe
significant.Theresultsfromclearlyshowhowtheaverageamountoftimethefemalebettas
spentactivelyfixatedonthemovingbluecutoutissignificantlydifferentfromalltheother

23. conditions’averageproportionoftime.Thus,whenthebluecutoutismoving,thefemale
demonstratesasignificantlydifferentpreferencethananyoftheotherconditions.Theseresults
thusshowhowwhenconsideringamate,femalebettaspreferredpigmentation,butwillchoose
movementovercolor.Accordingtotheseresults,itcouldbethatmovementisacrucialpartof
thebettamatingritual.Astationarymaleisdeemedtobeuninterestedand,afterunsuccessful
courtshipattempts,thefemaleswitchestothemovingbluecutout.Withthisinmind,lethargyin
malescouldbeanindicatorofpoorforagingorimmunoincompetentgenes,whichisundesirable
inamate.Thisbehaviorhasbeenpreviouslydocumented,asguppiesinfectedwithaparasite
werelesslikelytopartakeincourtshipbehaviorsinadditiontobeingmorelikelytospendtime
foraging(Kolluruetal2008).Futurestudiesmightconducttrialswhereamobilebluecutoutis
testedagainstanimmobilebluecutout.This,inadditiontohavingalargersampleoffemales
wouldfurthersolidifythefindingsfoundinthisstudy.
Thisstudywaspartiallysuccessfulinidentifyingmovementasanimportantfactorinmate
choiceinB.splendens.Futurestudiesshouldfocusonidentifyingotherfactorsthatinfluence
matechoiceinspeciesthatalsoexhibitintersexualselection.Gainingabetterunderstandingof
matepreferenceB.splendensmatingmayultimatelyallowustobetterunderstandmate
preferenceinotherspeciesthatselecttheirmalematesovercolor,movement,andothervisual
cues.
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