Breeding for table purpose papaya-2.pptx

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1. Breeding for table purpose papaya G.Rithish (2022002149) A.Ruthega (2022002150)

2. PAPAYA Botanical name : carica papaya Family : caricaceae Chromosome number: 2n=2x=18 Origin : Tropical America INTRODUCTION Papaya is native to Tropical America The south America and Costa Rica are the micro centre of origin of papaya India is the largest producer of papaya in the world Papaya has 6 genera and 35 species in the family caricaceae Carica and vasconcellea are the important generas

3. The genus carica has only one species, carica papaya is the cultivated species Vasconcellea contain 21 species ,which are considered as the wild relatives of papaya It is naturally a dioecious plant but gynodioecious cultivars have been developed in papaya through breeding Papaya fruit has high nutritive and medicinal value especially vitamin A It also possess vitamin B and panthothenic acid besides minerals like potassium and magnesium It is an excellent source of beta carotene which prevent cancer, diabetes and heart disease and is also utilized in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries

4. Sex forms of papaya Staminate – Having stamens but no pistils Pistillate – Having pistils but no stamens Hermaphrodite – single flower that contains both male and female reproductive organs Gynomoneicous – Have female + Hermaphrodite Gynodioecious – Either female or Hermaphrodite The papaya fruit produced from pistillate and Hermaphrodite flowers

5. Floral biology of papaya Storey (1941) classified papaya flowers in to five types Type I pistillate or female flower – Devoid of stamens with a distinct ovoid ovary terminating in a five lobed Stigma Type II Hermaphrodite ( pentandria ) – Flowers have five functional stamens and a globose five furrowed ovary Type III Hermaphrodite ( carpelloid ) – Flowers having six to nine functional stamens and an irregular ovary

6. Type IV Hermaphrodite ( Elongata ) – Flowers having ten functional stamens (5long + 5 short) most commercially important type, elongated and smooth ovary Type IV + Hermaphrodite ( Barren) – Flowers having ten functional stamens but pistil aborts.it becomes vestigial and lack stigma Type V Staminate – Flowers having ten functional stamens only.The ovary is completely absent and flowers are bunched in an inflorescence

7. What is table purpose papaya ? The purpose of papaya is  to be eaten for its nutritious and medicinal value, serving as a source of vitamins (A, C, B vitamins, folate), fiber , and powerful antioxidants, which support digestion, boost immunity, and contribute to overall health . 

8. QUALITY TRAITS FOR TABLE PURPOSE PAPAYA Taste and Flavour A sweet taste is preferred, with high levels of total soluble solids (Brix) (e.g., 9.60 °Brix and above) and a pleasant, desirable flavor . Flesh characteristics Color : A deep orange or yellow-orange color is desirable for the flesh.
Consistency: The flesh should be soft and firm , avoiding excessive mushiness.
Juiciness: Good juiciness is a preferred trait.

9. Physical characteristics : Fruit Size: Fruits of a medium size, such as 1-2 kg , are often preferred for table purposes .
Shape: An oval or spherical shape is acceptable.
Pulp Thickness: A good pulp thickness is desirable Good Keeping Quality: The fruit should maintain its quality during transport and storage

10. USES OF TABLE PURPOSE PAPAYA The fruit is packed with powerful antioxidants like lycopene , quercetin , that reduce oxidative stress Lycopene may have anticancer properties Antioxidants in papaya protect against visible ageing signs Vitamin C in papaya helps the body make collagen and makes skin more elastic . Papaya’s special flavour works well in desserts and add as a tasty twist to meals.

11. Breeding objectives for table purpose papaya To evolve Gynodioecious varieties To evolve varieties with high TSS and good keeping quality Development of Homozygous Hermaphrodite forms Inducing a sex linked vegetative character for eliminating unwanted sex forms in the early seedling stage Early and low bearing with short internodes Uniformity of fruit shape , texture and flavor for export trade Development of varieties resistant for papaya ring spot virus , leaf curl virus,foot rot and damping off

12. BREEDING METHODS INTRODUCTION : Washington, sunrise solo,sunset,kapoho solo from USA Exotic varieties USA – Betty ,solo Germany – solo ,solo sunset,solo sunrise,Red Amazon South Africa – Hortus gold Australia – Improved petersen

13. SELECTION : Cultivar Selection from Specific trait Dioecious Pusa dwarf Pant selection I Pusa giant Local genotypes Low fruiting height (40 cm) Oblong shape Gynodioecious Coorg honey dew Pusa delicious Honey dew Ranchi Excellent fruit quality Good fruit quality

14. HYBRIDIZATION : Intra specific hybridization Cultivar Parents Specific trait Co 3 Co 2 x sunrise solo Gynodioecious Hermaphrodite, longer fruits with sunrise solo Co 4 Co 1 x Washington Dioecious purple petiole with medium sized fruits Co 7 Coorg honey dew x cp -85 Gynodioecious red fleshed high yielding Arka surya Sunrise solo x pink flesh sweet Gynodioecious hybrid with red pulp Arka prabhat ( surya x Taichun I ) x local dwarf Deep pink fleshed Gynodioecious cultivar

15. Inter specific hybridization

16. Ram and Majumdar (1981) evolved a dwarf mutant line by treating local papaya seeds with 15Kr gamma rays . Repeated sibmating among 3 dwarf plants isolated from M3 population gave rise to a homozygous dwarf papaya variety – Pusa Nanha Fruit weight – 750 g TSS – 8 ° brix Gives high yield Pusa Nanha is not suitable for table purpose papaya MUTATION BREEDING

17. TISSUE CULTURE Dawn Delight’ is a unique female line of papaya with parthenocarpic fruit -setting capability independent of pollination, generally giving seedless fruits, thus saving on the male plant population needed as pollinizers . Propagated exclusively through tissue culture , ‘Dawn Delight’ gives relatively dwarf trees suitable for high-density planting. Dawn Delight’ was selected from the segregating population of F1 papaya ‘ Red Lady ’, a widely grown gynodioecious hybrid involving a mixture of female and hermaphrodite plants. Dawn Delight’ is an elite female papaya line with medium-sized fruits o f orange-red flesh and possessing good quality attributes

18. Dawn Delight’ fruits exhibited extended keeping quality of about 10 d in relation to the other varieties compared, namely Solo, Ice Berry, Green Berry, Arka Surya or Arka Prabhath Dawn Delight’ has shown field tolerance to viral diseases particularly Papaya Ring Spot Virus Uses : ‘ Dawn Delight’ is a good choice for table use .‘Dawn Delight’ fruits are suitable for canning and dehydration, and for export market. It is also ideal as a vegetable for raw papaya salad and culinary purposes.

19. AVAILABILITY Dawn Delight ’ was released to the farmers for cultivation during 2019. This line is to be registered with the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPVFA) , Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Technology for micropropagation of this papaya variety is currently under patenting. Fully hardened ‘ Dawn Delight’ plants are now available to growers within India. As for international market, rooted plantlets can be supplied to interested production agencies for further hardening and distribution.

20. In 1992 , Hawaii papaya industry faced a potential economic disaster when Papaya ringspot virus ( PRSV ) was discovered in the Puna district of Hawaii island where 95%of the state’s papaya was grown. By 1995, PRSV was widespread in Puna and the industry was in a crisis situation. These cultivars were commercially released in 1998 for cultivation TRANSGENIC PAPAYA

21. Transgenic papaya was developed against papaya Ring spot virus World ‘s first transgenic papaya was ‘ Sun up ‘ which was transformed by using coat protein mediated resistance using Microprojectile bombardment technique Rainbow is the first transgenic variety developed in Hawaii from cross between Sun up and the conventional Kapoho solo SUN UP X KAPOHO SOLO RAINBOW PAPAYA (1998) Transgenic variety of kamiya have been developed by introduction of the coat protein transgene from Rainbow through conventional hybridization and backcrossing

22. ENZYME RESPONSIBLE FOR PULP COLOURS IN PAPAYA Red fruit – highest content of Lycopene and the highest REL of CpZDS gene Yellow fruit – highest content of YP and the highest REL of CpLCY – beta 2 and CpCHX – beta genes Orange fruit – highest content of beta carotene despite having Intermediate REL of CpLCY – beta 2 genes

23. INSTITUTE INVOLVED IN BREEDING FOR TABLE PURPOSE PAPAYA Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) Thomas Biotech (Bengaluru)

24. CONCLUSION: Table purpose papaya variety play a vital role in both nutrition and commercial horticulture.These varieties are specifically bred and selected for their superior fruit quality, attractive appearance, pleasant flavor and extended shelf life,making them ideal for direct consumption. They provide a rich source of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants ,contributing to human health and well being

25. Reference Advances in papaya breeding by Dr. Sunil uddhavrao chalak Breeding and cultivation of papaya,April 2019, Book : Advances in genetics and plant breeding, Publisher : Akinik publications,Authors – Ankita Sharma,Shardulya shukla