breeding of cassava power point presentation

cassava

1. Breeding of Cassava 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 1

2. Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz .) is the most important starchy root crop grown in the tropics and is mainly cultivated in southern peninsular India. It is also known commonly as Tapioca, continues to be a crop of food security for the millions of people especially in the developing countries of the globe. INTRODUCTION

3. North-Eastern Brazil is the center of origin. Portuguese distributed the crop from Brazil to countries like Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and India. Nigeria is the major growing country in world accounting for 50% of area and production. In India crop, it is cultivated particularly in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh contributing 93% of area and 98% of production Kerala accounts for about 50% of total area under cassava in India. Industrial use of cassava started initially with the production of diversified products like starch, chips and sago.

4. Tapioca ( Manihot esculenta ) CN : diploid (2n=36). Polyploids with 2n=54 and 72 are also available. Family : Euphorbiaceae Origin: Brazil Progenitor: Manihot esculenta ssp. flabellifolia Edible part: Tuberous root Common names: Cassava/ yucca/mandioca 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 4

5. Improves blood circulation Helps to boost energy level Palaniswami and Peter, 2008 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 5

6. Pasta is prepared from cassava. www.ctcri.org OTHER INDUSTRIAL USES 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 6

7. Botany Slender shrub, 2-7 m high, Sparingly branched Stem is thick with prominent leaf scars, variously colored Leaves simple, alternate, long stalked, palmately lobed, segments obovate lanceolate, glabrous. Linamarin and lotaustralin are synthesized in the leaves of cassava plants and transported to the tuberous roots (Koch et al., 1992).

8. Female flowers open about 10 days before male flower anthesis. Stigma is receptive from 6.30 a.m . and continues up to 2.30 p.m. Type of inflorescence: Racemose . Female flowers larger in size than male ones. Each flower have 5 united sepals yellow tinged. Monoecious in nature, highly cross pollinated crop. Protogynous in nature. Male flower has 10 stamens arranged in two whorls of 5 stamens each alternately long and short, one converting and other diverging Filaments are free and anthers small and basifixed Basal nectiferous disc, fleshy and orange in colour Female flowers, perianth lobes are completely free Superior ovary , mounted on a 10 lobed glandular disc, tricarpellary, 3 locued , 6 ridged Single ovule in each locule Fruit is ovoid, globose with 9 longitudinal plicate wings

9. Cassava plant Cassava roots 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 9

10. Species Diversity Species Remarks Manihot esculenta Edible tuber Manihot glaziovii Cera rubber Manihot tristis Rich in protein Manihot grahami Tolerant to seasonal low temperature Manihot anisophylla Tolerant to seasonal low temperature Manihot flabellifolia Wild progenitor Palaniswami and Peter, 2008

11. High yield (> 35 t/ha fresh root) High starch (> 25%) High harvest index Responsive to additional inputs Unbranching or late branching plant type Low HCN content Good cooking and eating quality Early harvestability Breeding Objectives 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 12

12. Better root storage quality Shade tolerance for use as an intercrop under coconut etc Wide adaptation Compact branches Compact root system Resistance to major diseases (cassava bacterial blight, anthracnose, brown leaf spot, cassava mosaic virus) Tolerance to adverse soil and climatic conditions 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 13

13. Quality parameters: 1)Starch content (38-41%) 2)Low HCN content 3)Protein (1-2%) 4)Storability 5)Compact root system 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 14

14. Colour Color is an important organoleptic quality attribute, which is considered in the acceptance of crop products. Generally, yellow-flesh cassava looks more attractive than white-flesh cassava. cassava breeders have reported that the relatively higher dry matter and starch in white-flesh cassava than yellow-flesh cassava. 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 15

15. Size The tubers are big sized, long cylindrical with brown skin and white flesh are preferred. 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 16

16. For processing purpose pH. of 5.0 to 8.0% are preferred Ash content of less than 0.9%. Cyanogenic potential limit is 10 ppm. A high dry matter content is not preferred it is associated with the post harvest deterioration. Starch quality is influenced by the amylose content, which for good cooking varieties is 21% and for industrial varieties is 15% and for multiple purpose varieties is 17%(IITA,1977) Internal quality 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 17

17. Plants, including root tubers, are a potential source of natural antioxidants and acts as secondary metabolites . Antioxidants are present not only in the flesh but also in the peel of the cassava root (Dusuki et al ., 2020). Newly bred yellow-fleshed cassava varieties known as provitamin A carotenoid (PVAC) cassava which contains a substantial quantity of β- carotene. Nutritional quality 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 18

18. In the industrial front it has wide applications. Many value added products are prepared from cassava viz., starch, sago, flour, chips etc. Roots should have high sugar content between 4.50 - 8.41%. Roots of cassava should be free from physiological disorders Vascular discoloration or streaking , fusarium phytophthora rot, Rhizopus rot etc. Processing Quality 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 19

19. Enhanced nutritional quality Although the cassava storage root is rich in starch, its protein content is very low. Increasing the protein content is of foremost importance. Zhang et al . reported the production of transgenic cassava expressing an artificial storage protein enriched with essential amino acids, under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. Zhang et al . (2003) successfully introduced a synthetic artificial storage protein 1 ( ASP1) gene encoding a storage protein rich in essential amino acids (80%) in to embryogenic suspensions of cassava. 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 20

20. As a starch crop, the starch quality of cassava is one of its most important agronomic traits. Its amylopectin content ranges from 70% to 80%, and its amylose content ranges from 20% to 30%, depending on the genotypes and growth environment. The ratio of amylose to amylopectin determines the property of starch granules, and there after affects the quality of diverse starch products used in different industrial applications (e.g., pharmaceutical, chemical, and paper-making applications). Improved starch content and quality 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 21

21. Cassava biofortification for better nutrition 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 22

22. Enhancing E nhancement of β-carotene can be achieved by directing and enhancing flux into the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway or by downregulating the turnover of β-carotene BC+ has focused primarily on enhancement of provitamin A content of cassava. Stable Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of cassava (cv 60444) was achieved. Transgenic expression of phytoene synthase alone in cassava storage roots yielded increases in total carotenoid concentrations of 10- to 20-fold relative to amounts in roots from nontransformed controls . Sayre et al ., 2011 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 23

23. Advantages of bio-fortified cassava varieties Biofortified yellow-flesh cassava variants are sweet tasting, containing mild-to moderate toxic cyanogenic glucosides compared to the majority of white-flesh variants . Lower concentrations of the toxic compound can guarantee sustainable production plans by reducing time and labor for detoxification during processing, ultimately leading to production of safer foods. In addition, lower toxicity levels could reduce toxic residues in soil and environment of rural communities and urban centers of Africa where large quantities are regularly processed. Third, post-harvest storage of biofortified yellow-flesh cassava is more sustainable, due to its robust and longer shelf-stability compared to white-flesh cassava . 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 24

24. Breeding Methods Clonal selection Hybridisation and selection Interspecific hybridisation Intervarietal hybridisation Polyploidy Induced mutation Biotechnological approach es 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 25

25. Clonal selection Achievements : M4 and M6 from Malaysia Sree Prakash (S-856, indigenous selection) Sree Jaya, Sree Vijaya, Nidhi, Kalpaka Vellayani Hraswa Acc. S-1309, S-1310, S-315 and S-2407 CO-1, CO-2, CO-3 & CO-4 from TNAU1 Hybridisation & selection Achievements H-97 H-165 H-226. Sree Visakham (H-1687). Sree Prakash (S-856) Sree Sahya (H-2304) - Multiple hybrid. Sree RekhaSree Prabha Interspecific Hybridisation Sree Harsha Sree Athulya Sree Apoorva Mutation breeding Biotechnological approaches 11/9/2023 Dept. of VSC 26

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