Breeding of Field pea, Mustard & Rapeseed.pptx

Breeding

1. Field pea Pisum sativum L, 2n = 2x = 14, Fabaceae ( Leguminaceae ) Important rabi crop, grown for food, feed and vegetable Anti-nutritional factors in pea seed include trypsin inhibitors, haemaglutins ( lectins ), tannins,oligosaccharides and phytates . Cultivars with a darker seed coat contain more tannin, which tends to decrease their digestibility. Two types of pea grown in India 1. Vegetable type 2. Grain type

2. Distribution In India: Uttar Pradesh, is leading in production mainly cultivated in UP, MP, Bihar, Assam and Jharkhand In world: USA, China, France, UK, Holland, Russia, Egypt and Australia. Vegetable type Grain type Grains are very sweet when green or become wrinkled on drying Grains generally white and round. Not sweet as in the case of vegetable type Usage fresh, Frozen and canned veggies Chat, Chhola dal , vegetable Compare to round seed there have less startch (27-37 g), more fat(5g) of sugar More startch (47.6 g), less fat (2.4 g) and sugar Cultivation confined to northern and central parts of the country

3. Cultivation more in rain fed area or marginal and sub marginal land with poor soil fertility. 2. Biotic (Powdery mildew, rust, root rot and pod borer) and abiotic stress (terminal drought, susceptibility to water logging) 3. Non availability of improved and high yielding varieties 4. Non adoption of improved crop production technologies 5. Poor processing and marketing facilities Production constraints

4. Centers of origin (not well known) 1. Mediterranean basin and the Near east 2. South west asia and North east Africa According to L.I. Govorov (1973) – pea originated from mountainous region of South west asia (Afghanistan, India and Ethiopia). He has presumed that the secondary center of variability of cultivated forms of these crops is located in the Mediterranean region. According to Gorov Pisum elatius Stev X Pisum fulvum Subt (Mediterranean pea) (Red yellow pea) Pisum sativum

5. Wild relatives Depending on taxonomic interpretations , the ILDIS (International Legume database) accepts 3 species, one with 2 subspecies 1. P. abyssinicum (Syn. P. sativum subsp. abyssiniaum ) 2. P. fulvum (Red yellow pea) 3. P. sativum (Pea) a) P. sativum subsp. elatius b) P. sativum subsp. sativum Other wild spp. 1. P. arvense 2. P. elatius 3. P. formosum 4. P. hunile 5. P. jomardii 6. P. maritimum 7 . P. ochrus 8. P. transcaucasicum

6. Floral biology Flowering begins after 40-50 days of sowing Inflorescence is an axillary, 1-3 flowered receme , flowers are bisexual, papilionaceous , corolla white to purple, stamens 10 (9+1, 9 United, 1 Free), ovary superior Self-pollinated crop with less than 1% out crossing Slightly susceptible to day length, with long days promoting flowering.

7. Breeding Objectives Broadening of genetic base Higher Yield Short duration varieties: 100-110 days duration varieties required Resistance to disease and pest: Powdery mildew is the major problem.- Aparna , Uttara, Jayanthi , Sapna , Malviya matar-15, Swati, Pusa prabhat Breeding for processing quality: Like dehydration, canning, suitable to processing of large sized seed.

8. Breeding for abiotic stress- Like water logging, freezing temperatures, water stress. Cold tolerance is important in subtropical and Mediterranean region Increased nitrogen fixation : Recessive gene syn 2 and syn 3 are responsible for non- nodulating and non-fixing. Therefore, care should be taken while breeding including this kind of wild genotype. Increased Shelling percentage: Genotypes should have high shelling percentage.

9. 1. Introduction : Introduced variety from USA and UK are – Alaska (smooth seed), Early Superb (smooth seeded), Meteors (S.S) Arkel (wrinkle type), Early badger (WS), little marvel etc. 2. Selection : From natural variability (land race/local germplasm ) based on MLT/genotype. Yield potential/adaptability were selected and released for cultivation. Several local cultivars of pea grown in country Ex: Boni , local yellow batri , Hara boniya , Asavji , Hoshiyarpuri , Kap , Kanawasi , Khaparkheda and few others. 3. Pureline selection 4. Mass selection 5. Pedigree 6. SSD 7. Bulk Breeding methods

10. 8. Mutation breeding: Extensive work done in India by JNKVV Jabalpur. The 2 useful recessive genes resulting from induced mutation research were utilized to produce the “leafless” pea genotype af , af st st at Jabalpur. P-166 – mutation of P-166, give rise to Hans (L-11) an early maturing (100-110 days) with semi erect plants, wider adaptability and average yield of 15 – 20 q/ha. 9. Hybridization: In type-163 line PM resistant genes were incorporated. The first Powdery mildew resistant variety ‘ Rachana ’ with plant type similar to that of type 163 was released in 1980. Type 163 X Type 10 Rachana , Pant P-5

11. Rapeseed and Mustard Mustard – rai- Brassica juncea Black mustard – Banarasi rai – B . nigra Rape (turnip rape) – yellow sarson – Brassica campestris var. yellow sarson Rape –turnip rape – brown sarson – B.campestris var. brown sarson Rape (Indian rape) toria - Brassica campestris var. toria Rocket (rocket cress) – taramira – Eruca sativa Rapeseed and mustard are important oil yielding crops of the Indian sub continent. The important species of oilseed Brassicas that are extensively cultivated commercially are Brassica campestris , B.juncea , B.napus

12. Origin: Rapeseed : B . campestris → near Himalayan region Secondary centers of diversity → European & Mediterranean region Brown mustard : B. juncea → Middle East Secondary centers of diversity → China, North East India

13. Character Rapeseed ( Sarson / Toria / Lahi ) Mustard ( Rai , Raya, Laha ) Plant  height (cm) 45 – 150 90-200 Leaves Sessile, leaf lamina claps the stalk Leaves stalked but do not clasp Siliquae (pod) Short or thicker Long & slender Pollination Cross pollinated Self pollinated Seed coat Smooth Rough Rapeseed vs. Mustard

14. Botany The inflorescence is racemose and flowering is indeterminate beginning at the lowest bud on the main raceme. The syncarpous ovary develops into a pod (silique) with two carpels separated by a false septum. Androecium : Tetradynamous stamen. Fruit : Siliqua 1. Leaves two types Stem leaf is bigger, lance shaped, serrated Flower leaf is small, smooth margin

15. The flowering is indeterminate and may last for two-three weeks. Stigma is receptive for about six days (three days prior to three days after the opening of the flower). The amphidiploids species ( B. Carinata , B. napus , B. juncea ) are self-compatible and self-pollinated in nature but about 30 % cross-pollination may occur by wind and insect under field conditions. The diploid species viz., B. nigra , B. o leracea and B. campestris are self incompatible and consequently cross pollinated.

16. Evolution

17. BREEDING OBJECTIVES: 1. Breeding for high seed yield Protein content at seedling stage → high seed yield at later stages 2 . Breeding for higher oil content - In rapeseed, high oil content is associated with bold seed size. 3. Breeding for ideal plant type More no. of siliqua /plant More no. of seeds/ siliqua Bolder seeds High LAI Shorter plant height More no. of branches Dwarfing gene have been found in toria which could be used in toria & sarson .

18. 4. Breeding for early maturity 5. Breeding for resistance to Alternaria blight, downy mildew and white rust. Brassica carinata shows better resistance to Alternaria leaf blight compared to Brassica juncea . 6.. Breeding for resistance to insects parts like sawfly and mustard aphids. Brassica juncea varieties show better tolerance to mustard aphid than B. campestris . 7. Breeding for tolerance drought and frost This is desirable in western parts of India including Punjab, Haryana, MP and Rajasthan. 8. Breeding for resistance to siliqua shattering .

19. 9 . Breeding for high responsiveness to fertilizers . 10. Breeding for better oil quality Mustard seed oil contains higher amount of erusic acid which is bad for poultry and pig feeds. The pungent odor and bitter taste is due to glucosinolate which reduces the palatability of feeds to animals. Therefore , for better oilseed meal quality, it should have low or zero erusic acid and low or zero glucosilonates which will be suitable for human & livestock consumption.

20. BREEDING METHODS: Highly cross pollinated are toria , brown sarson & taramira due to sporophytic self incompatibility, entomophillic . Very high sucrose content (40-61%) in their nectars to attract honey bees. In the other group including Brassica juncea & Brassica napus show high self pollination (85-95%), because of self compatibility & low sucrose content in their nectaries (5-12%). 1. Germplasm utilization & introduction - >6000 accessions at NRC on Rapeseed & Mustard.- Regina from Sweeden 2. Pure line selection 3. Mass selection → A large number of mustard varieties viz., Durgamani , seets , Shekhar , Krishna and Kranti have been developed through mass selection

21. 4. Hybridization & Selection - pedigree, bulk, back cross & mass pedigree 5. Development of commercial hybrid – Single cross hybrid or three way cross hybrid using CMS & GMS. 6. Production of synthesis & composites In India composites and synthetics of toria and brown sarson have beed developed and released for commercial cultivation Ex- Synthetics variety: Brown sarson : Pusa Kalyani Toria : Sangam Composite variety: Toria – TLC 1 ( Toria Ludhiana composit 1)

22. 9. Polyploidy breeding Autotetraploids of B. campestris & B. oleracea are important for forage / vegetable type. But autotetraploids of B. juncea & B. nigra usually have thicker leaves, larger buds, flowers and seeds but poor seed setting. 7. Back cross: This was successfully used to transfer simply inherited traits such as disease resistance, low erucic acid and glucosinolate into agronomically superior genotype s. 8. Recurrent selection: In B. rapa where self-incompatibility ensures a high degree of heterogeneity, recurrent selection is the most effective method for increasing seed yield as well as oil content. Bhavani variety is an example toria variety developed through this method

23. 11. Tissue & Biotechnology - genetically engineered male sterility by using barnase-barstar system. First somaclonal variety Pusa Jai Kisan (Bio-902) developed through tissue culture. 10.Mutation breeding - for characters like earliness, more no. of branches, yellow seed colour,compact type, very bold seed, dwarfness and long siliquae etc. Ex: RLM 198

24. 12. Heterosis breeding : Available CMS in oilseed brassia are polima , ogura , tournefortii , siifolia , trachystoma , moricandia and lyratus . Hybrids in B. napus like, PGSH 51 and Chinese hybrid Qinyou No.2 have been released for commercial exploitation . Success has been achieved in transferring the cytoplasm of ogura , tournefortii , siifolia , trachystoma and moricandia into B. juncea . Hybrids based on mori system are under evaluation at PAU, Ludhiana. By using genic male sterility in yellow sarson a hybrid viz., BCH 16 has been developed

25. Oil quality Rapeseed and mustard oil which is a triglyceride of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contain a very high (45-60%) level of erucic acid. The oil has high glucosinolates content. Reduction or elimination of erucic acid would increase the proportion of Oleic and linoleic acid which are usually desirable in human nutrition. The high amount of gluosinolates make the seed meal or cake unfit for feeding animals .

26. Canola refers to the nutritionally improved cultivars of oilseed Brassicas possessing less than 2 % erucic acid in seed oil and less than 30μ moles glucosinolates per gram defatted meal. The cultivars possessing such as a level of erucic acid and glucosinolate are also called “00” ( Double zero ) types. For developing canola quality B. juncea possessing additional trait like yellow seed colour or white rust resistance, a three way crossing programme is suggested. To develop aphid resistance mustard, a line T 6342 has been commonly used as donor parent.

27. Improved plant type A desirable and high yielding plant type of toria requires a strong stem and compact branching habit. The new source of dwarfing genes could be used to develop optimum height varieties.