Breeding of soyabean

soyabean

1. Soybean Breeding Govinda Sijapati AFU,Rampur

2. SYSTEMATICS Scientific Name: Glycine max . Family: leguminoseae Chromosome No.: 2n = 2x= 40

3. Introduction Glycine max, commonly known as soybean in North America or soya bean,is a species of  legume  native to  East Asia , widely grown for its edible  bean  which has numerous uses. The plant, classed as an  oilseed  rather than a  pulse  by the UN  Food and Agriculture Organization , produces significantly more protein per acre than most other uses of land. Soybean is the major legume crop of the World in terms of total production. Soybean seeds contain 40% protein and 20% oil on dry basis.

4. Introduction Fat-free (defatted) soybean meal is a significant and cheap source of protein for animal feeds and many packaged materials. For example, soybean products, such as texture vegetables proteins (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and dairy substitutes. The beans contain significant amounts of  phytic acid,  dieatry minearls  and B vitamins.  Soy vegetables oil, used in food and industrial applications, is another product of processing the soybean crop. The main countries growing soybeans are the United States (32% of world total, 2016 forecast), Brazil (31%) and Argentina (18%).

5. Introduction The supply of protein is becoming scarce especially in the developing countries. The new source has been invented for both protein and oil in the developing countries, in which soybean has been found as a good source for both due to high content of oil and protein( Hart wig& Kilen,1991). Latest statistics indicates that the area of soybean in Nepal was 23757 ha with an average productivity of 1.18 ton/ha (MOAD,2015). Every day Nepal import row or processed soybean with 1-2 core NRS.

6. History Soybeans originate from China. In 2853 BC, Emperor Sheng-Nung of China named five sacred plants – soybeans, rice, wheat, barley, and millet. Soybean plants were domesticated between 17th and 11th century BC in the eastern half of China where they were cultivated into a food crop. From about the first century AC to the Age of Discovery (15-16th century), soybeans were introduced into several countries such as Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Burma, Nepal and India. The spread of the soybean was due to the establishment of sea and land trade routes.

7. History The earliest Japanese reference to the soybean is in the classic Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) which was completed in 712 AC. Europeans had been aware of soybeans as early as 1712 through the writing of a German botanist Some soybean seed may have been sent from China by missionaries as early as 1740 and planted in France Shipments of soybeans were made to Europe about 1908, and the soybean attracted worldwide attention

8. DESCRIPTION Soybean is well known for its high nutritional qualities, it contains on an average 40% protein and 19% oil. Soybean being a legume crop also adds about 40 kg N/ha to the soil by way of nitrogen fixation. It grows to a height of 60-100 cm. It flowers in 30-6o days and whole life cycle completes in 95-125 days. Soybean has slightly woody stem which makes the plants sturdy. The Flowers are borne on nodes. The pods develop within 8-12 days of flower formation.

9. DESCRIPTION Mature pods usually contain 1-3 seeds per pod. The average 100 seed weight is 11-15 g The cultivated soybean is self pollinated with only slight amount of natural cross-pollination There are 10 genus of Glycine according to a recent revision The soybean originated in china, with G.ussuriensis as a probable progenitor. It belongs to family Leguminosae.

10. Cytology Glycine is the only genus where species have diploid chromosome number of 40 and 80 but not 20. The large number of chromosomes, small size, and similarity of the chromosome have often discouraged cytological investigation in soybean. In G.tabacina and G.tometela the 2n=80 Vidyabhusan 1980 classified soybean chromosome as two large,14 intermediate and four small Biswas (1977) grouped somatic chromosome of three soybean cultivars into four or six classes, depending upon the cultivars

11. RELATED SPECIES OF SOYBEAN. A.SUB GENUS GLYCINE. Glycine clandestine. G.tomentella B.SUB GENUS SOJA. G.soja G.max

12. Floral biology Soybean belongs to family leguminoseae and it is highly self pollinated. Soybean has perfect flower consisting of calyx, Corolla, pistil and stamens. There are 5sepals, green hairy sepals

13. Contd… The corolla begins to emerge from the sepals. There are five petals, one standard, two keel and two wing petals. The keel petals encloses the pistal and the stamen. Stamens are 10 in number and diadelphous , nine are united to form a tube around the ovary and the tenth is free.

14. Contd… The pistal has a single ovary with generally two or three ovules, a long style and stigma. The stigma is slightly hairy and covered by the Keel. Fruit is a legume

15. SELFING AND CROSSING TECHNIQUES Equipments required Dissecting forceps. Needles. Paper clips. Cover bags.

16. Selfing Soybean is predominantly a self pollinated crop. In order to ensure complete selfing , the inflorescence is enclosed in a bag. The bagging material used is paper bag

17. anthesis Starts in morning around 6 am and continues till 11 am. Maximum flower opening –11am to 5 pm.

18. Steps for emasculation Select the inflorescence containing young buds for emasculation .

19. Contd… Remove the immature buds .

20. Contd… Remove the corolla by grasping with a forceps above the calyx scar and lifting them upward.

21. Remove all the diadelphous stamens with the help of forceps or needle

22. Steps of pollination Pollination is done in the next morning. Collect all the pollen from the male parent by removing organs with the forceps when the anthers are matured .

23. Cont… Anthers are gently brushed on the stigma untill the pollen is clearly visible on it .

24. Cont… Bag the pollinated infloroscence

25. Cont… Attach the tag with the following information. Objective. Date of emasculation. Date of pollination Name of the breeder

26. Genetics of qualitative traits and quantitative traits in soybean 1.Qualitative traits   A qualitative trait is expressed qualitatively, which means that the phenotype falls into different categories. These categories do not necessarily have a certain order. The pattern of inheritance for a qualitative trait is typically monogenetic, which means that the trait is only influenced by a single gene. Inherited diseases caused by single mutations are good examples of qualitative traits.

27. Cont… Examples of qualitative traits Flower color Stem color Pod number per peduncle Seed surface Seed type Seed coat color Growth vigor

28. Quantitative traits   Quantitative trait shows continued variation. This is because the trait is the sum of several small effects caused by the gene. Environments has a very great role in this type of traits. Examples : Days to flowering Days to maturity 100-seed weightPlant heightI'lant width Number of primary branches pcr plant Number of secondary branches per pl:mt Number of pods per plant Number of seeds per plant

29. Cont… Number of seeds per pod Seed yield per plant Leaf size Leaf weight Specific leaf weight Seed fibre etc.

30. Seed production and certification of soybean 1.LAND REQUIREMENTS A. A crop of soybeans will not be eligible for certification if planted on land on which soybeans were grown the previous year 1. Unless the previous soybean crop was planted with a class of Certified seed of the same variety, or 2. Unless the variety being planted is of a contrasting pubescence, hilum , flower color, leaf shape and/or other distinguishing characteristics. B. For the production of the Foundation class of soybean seed, the variety being planted must be of a contrasting pubescence color.

31. Cont.. 2.FIELD INSPECTION A. At least one field inspection per season shall be made in a manner approved by the Certification Agency. The field inspection shall be made either at blossom time or near maturity . B. Applicants desiring re-inspection of fields not meeting certification standards on first inspection will be charged an additional fee per field re-inspected . C . The inspector shall cross the field sufficiently to accurately evaluate the genetic purity. D. If a field is harvested prior to inspection, that seed field automatically becomes ineligible for certification .

32. Cont… IV. FIELD STANDARDS A. Unit of Certification (Field) and Boundaries 1. The unit of certification shall be a field or portion of a field isolated a minimum of 6 feet from other soybean varieties. Soybean Certification Standards 36 A field is defined as an area occupied by one crop which is covered by one application (or isolation), and/or inspection report, and is undivided by fences, ditches (sod waterways excepted), highways, public roadways, other crops(except crossable strips no more than 200 feet wide of another crop dividing the crop for certification within the boundaries of the same field), or natural barriers. B. Specific Field Inspection Requirements

33. Cont… Factors Class of seed Genetic Field Standards Other varieties & offtypes Foundation Registered Certified 0.10%(1:1000 ) 0.20%(1:500) 0.50%(1:200) Other varieties and offtypes shall be considered to include offtype plants and plants that can be differentiated from the variety that is being inspected

34. seed standards Factors Class of seed Genetic Field Standards Other varieties & offtypes Foundation Registered Certified 0.10%(1:1000 ) 0.20%(1:500) 0.50%(1:200) Other varieties and offtypes shall be considered to include offtype plants and plants that can be differentiated from the variety that is being inspected.

35. Thank you