Brick masonry and stone masonry

In this presentation, Brick masonry and stone masonry discussed with their key terms and with their bonds.

1. ALLPPT.com _ Free PowerPoint Templates, Diagrams and Charts
BUILDING MATERIALS
& CONSTRUCTIONS
POORNIMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BRICK & STONE
MASONRY
DIVYA VISHNOI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

2. Masonry
Masonrymaydefinedastheconstructionofbuildingunitsbondedto
ugherwithmortar.
Thebuildingunitsmaybestones,bricks,orprecastconcreteblocks.
Dependinguponthetypesofbuildingsunitsused,
MASONARYcanbeclassifiedintofollowingcategories:
StoneMasonry.
BrickMasonry.

3. Some Important Terms UsedIn Masonry
1.STRETCHER:
Abrick,laidwithitslengthhorizontalandparallelwitht
hefaceofthewallorothermasonrymemberiscalleda"Stret
cher"andacourse,inwhich,allthebricksarelaidasStretche
rsiscalleda“Stretchingcourse"or"Stretchercourse".

4. 2. HEADER:
A brick laid, so that only its end shows on the face ofa wall is
called a "Header" and a course, in which all the bricks are laid
as headers, is known as "Heading Course" or "Headercourse“.

5. 3. ARISE:
The edges formed by the intersection of the plane surfaces of brick are
called the arises and they should be sharp, sequareand free from dama
ge.
4. BED:
It is the surface of stone perpendicular to the line of pressure. It
indicates the lower surface of bricks or stones in each course.
5. BED JOINT:
If the joint is parallel to the bed of bricks or stones in a course then
it is termed as bed joint.
6. PERPENDS:
The vertical joints separating the bricks in either length or cross
direction are known as the Perpends.

6. 7.BOND:
Bondisthearrangementofbricksorstonesineachcourse,soastoensuret
hegreatestpossibleinterlockingandtoavoidthecontinuityofverticaljoint
sintwosuccessivecourses,bothonthefaceandinthebodyofawall.
8.COURSE:
Eachhorizontallayerofbrickslaidinmortarinabrickworkiscalleda"co
urse".
9. BRICK BATS:
Thepiecesofbricks,cutlongtheirlengthandhavingwidthequivalenttoth
atofafullorhalfbrickarecalled"Brickbats“.

7. 10. QUEEN CLOSER:
Queen closer is a brick, which is half as wide as full brick and is mad
e by cutting a whole brick lengthwise into two portions.
These are generally used next to the Quoin header for creating bonds
in brickwork.
11. KING CLOSER:
Abrick,whoseonediagonalpieceiscutoffonecorner byaverticalpl
anepassingthroughthecenterofoneendto the center of oneside.
12. BEVELED CLOSER:
Abrickcutlongitudinallyalongaverticalplane, startingatthe
middleofoneendtothefarcorner. Onequarterofthebrickisc
utoffinthisway.
13. BULLNOSE:
A brick with rounded corners is called a“Bull Nose Brick”

9. 14. FROG
Frogedbricks shall have depressions in one or more bed faces
but their total volume shall not exceed 20% of gross volume o
f a brick.

10. B.BRICKMASONARY

11. BRICKMASONARY
➢Bondisthearrangementofbricksineachcourse,soastoen
surethegreatestpossibleinterlockingandtoavoidtheconti
nuityofverticaljointsintwosuccessivecourses,bothonthe
face.
➢and in the body of awall.

12. TYPES OFBONDS
1)StretchingBond
2)HeadingBond
3)English Bond
4)FlemishBond
(i)Double FlemishBond
(ii)Single FlemishBond
5)Garden WallBond
(i)English Garden Wall Bond
(ii)Flemish Garden WallBond
6)RakingBond
(I) Herring BoneBond (Ii) DiagonalBond
7)DutchBond

13. 1.STRETCHERBOND
➢Thebondinwhichallthebricksarelaidasstretchersin every
course is called "Stretcherbond”.
➢Used in not more than one brick partition walls

14. 2.HEADERBOND
➢Thebondinwhichallthe
bricksarelaidasheadersin
everycourseofawalliscalled
"Headerbond".
commonly➢This
used
bondis
forconstructing
stainingofwells,footings
ofwallsandcolumns,cor
bels,cornices,etc.

15. 3.ENGLISHBOND

16. ENGLISHBOND

17. ENGLISHBOND

18. ➢Thisbondconsistsofheadersandstretcherslaid
in alternativecourses.
➢It is strongest of all thebonds.
➢It provides rough appearance especially for one brick
thickwalls.
➢There are no noticeable continuous vertical join in the
structure built in thisbond.
➢Much attention is notrequired in providing this bond.
➢Progress of work ismore.
➢Itiscostlybecausetheuseofbrickbatsisnotallowed.
➢In stretcher course , the stretcher have a minimum lap of
one fourth of their length.
ENGLISHBOND

19. 4.FLEMISHBOND
Every alternate course starts with a
Header at the corner i.e. quoin heade
r). Quoin closers are placed next to
the quoin header in alternate courses
to develop the face lap. Every header
is centrally supported over the
stretcher below it.
Flemish bonds are of two types :
(i) Double flemishbond
(ii) Single flemishbond.
➢In this type of bond, each course is comprised of alternate headers
and stretchers.

20. (i)Double FlemishBond:-
➢Thebondinwhichheadersandstretchersarelaidalternatel
yineachcourse,bothinthefaceandbackofthewall,is
calledDoubleFlemishBond.
➢InthedoubleFlemishbond,eachcoursepresentsthesame
appearancebothinthefrontfaceaswellasintheback
face.
➢FlemishbondpresentsbetterappearancethanEnglishbond.

21. Special features of double flemishbond
1)Every course consists of headersandstretchers placedalternately
2)The facing and backing of the wall, in eachcourse,have the same
appearance.
3)Quoin closers are used next to quoin headers ineveryalternate
course.
4)In walls having thickness equal to odd multiple of half bricks,
halfbatsand three-quarter bats are amplyused.
5)For walls having thickness equal to even multiple of half bricks,
no batsare
6)required. A header or stretcher will come out as header or
stretcher on thesame course in front as well as backfaces.

22. Double flemishbond

23. (ii)Single FlemishBond:-
➢Thebondprovidedinawall
withFlemishbondinfacing
andEnglishbondinbackingi
scalled"SingleFlemish
bond"or"Crossbond”.
➢Thisbondcombinesthe
advantagesofbothEnglish
bondsandandFlemish
simultaneouslyeliminates
theirdisadvantages.

24. . Single flemish bond : Single flemish bond is comprised ofdouble
flemish bond facing and English bond backing and hearting ineach
course. This bond thus uses the strength of the English bond and
appearance of flemish bond. However, this bond can be used for
those walls having thickness at least equal to11/2brick. Double
flemish bond facing is done with good qualityexpensive bricks.
However, cheaper bricks can be used for backing andhearting.

26. Sr
No.
English Bonds Flemishbond
1This bond consists of headers and stretchers
laid in alternativecourses.
This bond consists of headers and
stretchers laid alternatively ineach
course.
2It is strongest of all thebonds. It is less strong for walls having
thickness more than 13 ½inches.
3It provides rough appearance especiallyfor
one brick thickwalls.
It provides good appearance forall
thickness ofwalls.
4There are no noticeable continuousvertical
joints in the structure built in thisbond.
There are partly continuousvertical
joints in the structure built in thisbond.
5Much attention is not required inproviding
thisbond.
Special attention is required inproviding
thisbond.
6Progress of work ismore. Progress of work isless.
7It is costly because the use of brick batsis
notallowed.
It is economical because brick batsare
allowed for forming thisbind.
Differences between English bond
and Flemish bond

27. 5.GARDEN WALLBOND
➢Thisbondisusedforconstructingonebrickthickgarden
walls,boundarywalls,andotherwallssuchasouterleaves
ofcavitywallstoprovidegoodappearance.
➢Theheightdoesnotexceed2m.
➢Two types Flemishbond:-
(i)English garden wallbond
(ii)Flemish garden wallbond

29. (i)English garden wallbond:-
➢Thegardenwallbondinwhichaheadingcourseisprovided
after3or5stretchingcoursesiscalled"EnglishGarden
WallBond“.

30. (ii) Flemish garden wallbond:-
➢In this bond a header is provided after 3 or 5 stretches in
eachcourse.
➢Thisbondisalsoknownas“SussexorScotchBond".

31. 6.RAKINGBOND
➢Itthistypeofbondalternatecourseareplacedindifferent
directionstogetmaximumstrengthinthewall.
➢Two types Flemishbond:-
(i)Herring wallbond
(ii)Diagonal wallbond

32. (i)Herring BoneBond
➢Therakingbondinwhichbricksarelaidatanangleof45
degree,startingatthecentrallineandproceedingtowards
thefacingandbackingofthewall,iscalled"HerringBone
Bond“.

33. (ii)DiagonalBond:-
➢Therakingbondinwhichbricksarelaidstartingfromthe
cornerinparallelrowsinclinedtothefacingandbackingof
thewallisknownas"Diagonalbond".

34. 7.DUTCHBOND
➢Thisbondinwhichtwostretchersandoneheaderare
laid alternately in each course iscalled " Dutch Bond".
➢This bond is used in the construction of boundarywalls.

35. A.STONEMASONARY

36. STONEMASONARY
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut
or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called
"Stone" and the art of building the structure with stones as
constructional units is called "Stone masonry".
Main types of stone masonry:-
Rubble masonry:-
Ashlar masonry:-

37. Stonemasonry
Rubble masonry
1.Coursed rubble masonry
2.Un-Coursed rubble m
asonry.
3.Random rubble masonry
4.Polygonal rubble m
asonry
5.Flint rubble masonry
6.Dry rubble masonry
Ashlarmasonry
1.Ashlar Fine masonry
2.Ashlar Rough Tooled
3.Rock (or) Quarry Faced
4.Ashlar Chamfered
5.Ashlar Block in Course
6.Ashlar

38. RUBBLEMASONRY
Thestonemasonryinwhicheitherundressedorroughly
dressedstonesarelaidiscalled"Rubblemasonry".
Inthismasonry,thejointsofmortararenotofuniform
thickness.
The strength of rubble masonry dependon:
➢The Quality ofMortar.
➢Theuse of long throughstones.
➢The proper filling of mortar between the spaces of stones

39. 1.COURSED RUBBLEMASONARY
➢Inthistypeofmasonry,thestones
usedareofwidelydifferentsizes.
Thisistheroughestandcheapest
formofstonemasonry.
➢Incoursedrandomrubblemasonry,
themasonryworkiscarriedoutin
coursessuchthatthestonesina
particularcourseareofequalheight.
➢Usedinresidentialconstructions,c
ommercialconstruction.

40. 2.UN-COURSED RUBBLEMASONARY.
➢Inthistypeofmasonry,thesto
nesusedareofwidelydiffere
ntsizes.Thisistheroughestan
dcheapestformofstonemaso
nry.
➢Inun-coursedrandomrubble
masonry,thecoursesarenotm
aintainedregularly.Thelargers
tonesarelaidfirstandthespa
cesbetweenthemarethenfille
dupbymeansofspallsorsne
eks.
➢Usedincompoundwalls,godo
wns,garages,labourquarters

41. 3.RANDOM RUBBLE MASONARY.
➢Inthistypeofmasonrystoneshavingstraightbedandsidesareus
ed.Thestonesareusuallysquaredandbroughttohammerdressed
orstraightcutfinish.
➢Inthecoursedsquarerubblemasonry,theworkiscarriedoutinco
ursesofvaryingdepth.

42. 4.POLYGONAL RUBBLEMASONARY
In this type of rubble ma
sonry, of the stones are
drehammerssed. The sto
ne used for face work ar
e dressed in an irregular
polygonal shape. Thus t
he face joints are seen r
unning in an irregular f
ashion in alldirections.

43. 5.FLINT RUBBLEMASONARY
➢Inthistypeof mason
rystone usedare
cobbles.flintsor
areirregularly
These
shaped
nodules
stones
ofsilica.The
areextremely
hard.Buttheyarebrittle
andthereforetheybreak
easily.

44. 6.DRY RUBBLEMASONARY
➢Inthistypeofmaso
nry,mortarisnotused
inthejoints.
This type of
constructionisthe
cheapestandrequires
moreskillinconstruct
ion.Thismaybeused
fornon-loadbearing
wallssuchascompou
ndwalls,etc…

45. ASHLARMASONRY
➢The stone masonry in which finely dressed stones are laid i
n cement or lime mortar, is known as "Ashlar masonry".
➢In this masonry all the joints are regular, thin, and of unifor
m thickness.
➢This type of masonry is costly in construction as involves h
eavy cost of dressing ofstones.
➢This masonry is used for heavy structures, arches, architect
ural buildings, high piers, abutments of bridges, etc.

46. 1. ASHLAR FINEMASONARY
➢Inthistypeashlarmasonr
y,eachstoneiscuttounifor
msizeandshapewithallsi
desrectangular,so
thatthe
perfectly
vertical
stone
horizontal
joints
gives
and
with
adjoiningstone.Thistypeo
fashlarmasonryisverycost
ly.

47. 2. ASHLAR ROUGHMASONARY
In this type of ashlar maso
nry, the beds and sides are
finely chisel-dressed. But
the face is made rough by
means of tools. A strip, ab
out 25mm wide and made
by means of chisel is provi
ded around the perimeter
of the rough dressed face
of eachstone.

48. 3. ROCK & QUARRYFACED
➢ In this type ofashlar
masonry,astripabout
25mmwideandmadeby
means of chisel isprovided
everystoneasincase
aroundtheperimeterof
of
rough-tooled maso
nry. But
remainingportion
ashlor
the
ofthe
face is left in the same form
as received fromquarry.

49. 4. ASHLAR CHAMFERED MASONARY
➢Inthistypeofashlar
masonry,thestripispr
ovidedasbelow.Butiti
schamferedorbeveled
atanangleof45degree
sbymeansofchiselfor
adepthofabout25mm.

50. 5. ASHLAR BLOCK IN COURSEMAS
ONARY
➢ This
combination
masonryand
is
ofrubble
ashlar
masonry.Inthistypeof
masonry,thefaceworkis
providedwithroughtoo
ledorhammerdressesst
onesandbackingofthe
wallmaybemadeinrub
blemasonry.

51. 6. ASHLAR FACINGMASONARY
➢IfthebackingisofRubblemasonry,Itiscalled“Rubble
Ashlar"andifthebackingisofbrickworkthemasonryis
termedas“BrickAshlar”.

52. COMPARISON BETWEEN BRICK MASONARY AND ST
ONE MASONARY
(1)Stoneisstrongerandmoredurablethanbrickandfor
publicbuildings;itisdecidedlymoresuitablethanbrick.It
reflectsstrengthineveryinchofit.Itisintunewithnatur
e.Itscolorimprovesandlooksmoreserenewithage.
Ontheotherhand,brickisanartificialproductmadeasa
copyofstone.Itisflimsymaterialandplasteringisonlya
camouflageforitsdefects.
(2)Stoneiswaterproof.Ontheotherhand,Brickabsorb
smoistureandwithdampnesscertainsaltsriseinthewall
sfromthegroundandcausedisintegrationofbricks.
Especiallybrickshouldnotbeallowedtocomeincontact
withurineorsewageandinsuchplacesitmustalwaysbec
overedwithcementplasteroranyotherprotectivecoat.

53. (3)Brickoffersgreaterfacilityforornamentalworkinpl
asterasaroughshapecanfirstbegiventoitbymeansofanyt
ool.Thisisnotsoincaseofstones.
(4)Plasterdoesnotsticksowelltostonesasitdoestobric
k.
(5)Onaccountoftheregularshapeanduniformsizeofbrick,
aproperbondcanbeobtainedwithcomparativeease.
(6)Duetothehandysizeofbrick,brickmasonrycanbemo
rerapidlyconstructedthanstonemasonry.
(7)Brickwallrequiresafixedquantityofmortarandeven
withcarelessmasons,theregularshapeofthebrickconsidera
blyreducesthepossibilityofhollowsbeingleftinthebodyof
thewall.Thisisnotsowithsomestonewalls.
COMPARISON BETWEEN BRICK MASONARY AND ST
ONE MASONARY

54. References
1)“Building Construction” authored by S.C. Rangwala, Char
otarpublishing house Pvt. Ltd.
2)“Building Construction” authored by Bindraand Arora, Dh
anpatRaipublication.
3)“Building Construction” authored by M.L. Gambhir, Tata
MeghrawHills publication.