Brinjal.pptx introduction definition topic

Brinjal introduction definition topic explained disease pest control measures

1. Production Technology of Brinjal

2. Brinjal or eggplant is a crop of sub-tropics and tropics. Brinjal has been cultivated in India for the last 4,000 years. The name brinjal is popular in Indian subconti nents and is derived from Arabic and Sanskrit . The name eggplant has been derived from the shape of the fruit of some varieties, which are white and resemble in shape to chicken eggs. It is also called aubergine (French word) in Europe. Family : Solanaceae Genus : Solanum Species: melongena L. 2n=24

3. Brinjal cultivation area Brinjal cultivation in India is estimated to cover about 8.14% vegetable area with a contribution of 9% to total vegetable production. The crop is largely grown in small plots or as an inter crop both for cash and domestic consumption . The major brinjal producing states are West Bengal, Orissa , Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and AP. Country Area ( Ha.) Production ( MT) Productivity ( MT/Ha) India 680000 11896000 17.5 World 1728271 43173989 25.00

4. In India, it is one of the most common, popular and principal vegetable crops grown throughout the country except in higher altitudes. It is a versatile crop adapted to different agro-climatic regions and can be grown throughout the year. It is a perennial but grown commercially as an annual crop.

5. A number of cultivars are grown in India, consumer preference being dependent upon fruit color, size and shape. The varieties of Solanum melongena L. display a wide range of fruit shapes and colours , ranging from oval or egg-shaped to long club shaped; and from white, yellow, green through degrees of purple pigmentation to almost black.

6. The shape of fruit varies from ovoid, oblong or long cylindrical. The colour of the mature fruit varies from monocoloured purple, purple black, yellowish, white, green and variegated types of purple with white stripes, green with light green / white stripes or even combination of three colours .

7. Brinjal fruit (unripe) is primarily consumed as cooked vegetable. . Dried shoots are used as fuel in rural areas. It is low in calories and fats, contains mostly water, some protein, fiber and carbohydrates. It is a good source of minerals and vitamins and is rich in total water soluble sugars, free reducing sugars, amide proteins Brinjal is known to have ayurvedic medicinal properties and is good for diabetic patients . It has also been recommended as an excellent remedy for those suffering from liver complaints . USES

8. The glycoalkaloid contents in the Indian commercial cultivars vary from 0.37 to 4.83 mg/100 fresh weight. Oblong-fruited eggplant cultivars are rich in total water soluble sugars . Long-fruited cultivars contain a higher content of free reducing sugars, anthocyanin, phenols, glycoalkaloids (such as solasodine) dry matter, and amide proteins. For processing purposes, the fruit should have a high dry matter content and a low level of phenolics. Discoloration in brinjal fruit is attributed to high phenol oxidase activity.

9. Composition / 100 g of edible portion Calories 24.0 Sodium (mg) 3.0 Moisture content (%) 92.7 Copper (mg) 0.12 Carbohydrates (%) 4.0 Potassium (mg) 2.0 Protein (g) 1.4 Sulphur (mg) 44.0 Fat (g) 0.3 Chlorine (mg) 52.0 Fiber (g) 1.3 Vitamin A (I.U.) 124.0 Oxalic acid (mg) 18.0 Folic Acid ( μ g) 34.0 Calcium (mg) 18.0 Thiamine (mg) 0.04 Magnesium (mg) 15.0 Riboflavin (mg) 0.11 Phosphorus (mg) 47.0 B-carotene ( μ g) 0.74 Iron (mg) 0.38 Vitamin C (mg) 12.0 Zinc (mg) 0.22 Amino Acids 0.22

10. Botanical features of brinjal Leaves- The leaf pattern is mostly opposite , large, single lobed and the underside of the most cultivars is covered with dense wool like hairs . The leaves may be with or without spines at the midrib portions. The leaf blade and tip angle is very acute to very obtuse.

11. Inflorescence Inflorescence is often solitary but sometimes it constitutes a cluster of 2 - 5 flowers. This character is dependent on the variety or hybrid.

12. The flowers are large, violet-colored and either solitary or in clusters of two or more. Flower is complete , actinomorphic and hermaphrodite . Calyx is five lobed, gamosepalous and persistent with or without spines depending on the cultivar types. It forms a cup like structure at the base. Corolla is five lobed gamopetalous with margins of lobes incurved. There are five stamens which are free and inserted at the throat of corolla. Anthers are cone shaped, free and with apical dehiscence. Ovary is hypogynous , bicarpellary , sycarpous . Flower

13. Types of brinjal flowers on the basis of length of styles Long-styled with large ovary Medium-styled with medium size ovary (Iii) pseudo short-styled with rudimentary ovary (iv) true short-styled with very rudimentary ovary Long and medium-styled flowers produce fruits. Pseudo-short and short-styled flowers do not set any fruits. ( i ) (ii) (iii) (iv)

14. Fruit Fruit is pendent and is fleshy berry borne signally or in clusters.

15. Botanical varieties under the species solanum melongena The common brinjal, to which large, round or egg shaped fruited forms are grouped under var. esculentum . The long, slender types are included under var. serpentinum The dwarf brinjal plants are put under var. depressum

16. Climate Brinjal is a warm season vegetable and susceptible to severe frost. Low temperature during the cool season cause abnormal development of the ovary. The optimum temperature for growth and fruit set is 20-30°C. The high night and day temperature of 22-24°C to 33-35°C reduce fruit set and yield.

17. Many of the round varieties set fruits at slightly lower temperature but are highly susceptible to frost. The long fruited varieties set fruit at higher temperature and show tolerance to frost. The growth of the crop is severely affected when temperature falls below 17°C. It can be successfully grown as a rainy season and summer season crop.

18. Soil requirements Light soils are good for an early crop . Clay loam and silt-loam are well suited for high yield. Silt-loam and clay loam soils are preferred for brinjal cultivation. The soil should be deep, fertile and well-drained.

19. The soil pH should not be more than 5.5 to 6.0 for its better growth and development. It is moderately tolerant to acidic soil. Several cultivars are grown successfully under high pH level with a rich application of farmyard manure or green manuring practiced before transplanting.

20. Season In South Indian condition June-July October-November January –February In the northern plains of India June-July (Autumn-winter ) October-November (spring) In central and southern India July-August December-January In hilly regions March-April

21. VARIETIES IIHR Varieties . I. Arka Sheel : It is an open pollinated variety. Plants are tall with green leaves and purple tinge at the base when young. Fruits are medium long with deep shining purple skin. Yield: 38 t/ha in 150-160 days duration . II. Arka Kusumakar : Spreading plant habit with green stem & green leaves. Flowers white, green small fruits borne in clusters . Yield: 40 t/ha in 140-150 days duration.

22. III. Arka Shirish : Tall plants, green leaves with white flowers . Fruits are green, extra long with solitary bearing habit . Yield: 39 t/ha in 140-150 days duration. IV. Arka Nidhi : High yielding variety with bacterial resistance . Plants tall and compact with deep purple green stem . Fruits free from bitter principles with slow seed maturity and good cooking qualities. Yield: 48 t/ha in 150 days duration. V. Arka Keshav - High yielding variety with bacterial resistance . Plants are tall and branched. Yield: 45t/ha in 150 days duration.

23. Other Varieties I. Long-type : Annamalai , ARU-1, ARU-2C, Green Long, Gujrat Brinjal-6, Gulabi , Hisar Pragati , Junagarth Long, KS-331, Nurki Long, Pant Samrat , Pb . Chamikla , Sel-4, Pb . Barsat , Pb . Sadabahar , Pusa Kranti , Pusa Purple Cluster, Pusa Purple Long, Rajendra Baingan , Swetha , Swarna Pratibha , Utkal Jyoti , Ulkal Keshri and Utkal Madhuri .

24. II. Round type: Azad B-1, KS-224, Baramashi , CHBR-1, H-8, Nurki Round, Jamuni Gola , Pb , Neelam , MDU-1, Black Beauty, Pant Rituraj , P-8, Pb . Bahar , Pusa Purple Round, Pusa Upkar and Swarna Mani. III. Oblong type : Azad Kranti , Bhagyamati , CO-2, Hisar Jamuni , JB-15, Pusa Uttam , Surya, Swarna Shree, Suphal , Swarna Syamli , Utkal Tarini Ankur and Ram Nagar Giant. IV. Small Round type : Aruna , CO-1, DBSR-44, DBSR-91,KKM-1, PKM-1, PLR-1, PB. MOTI, BSR-11, Pusa Ankur and Pusa Bindu .

25. Pusa Purple Long : It is a selection from a local variety ‘ Batia ’ grown in Punjab, Delhi and western UP. It is early maturing cultivar becoming ready for picking in 100 to 110 days. Fruits are glossy, light purple in colour , 25-30 cm long, smooth and tender. The average yield varies from 250-275quintals/ha. It is moderately resistant to shoot borer and little leaf disease . I. Long varieties

26. Pusa Purple Cluster: It is a very early maturing cultivar becoming ready for picking in 75 days after transplanting. Fruits are small, dark purple in colour and borne in clusters. On an average, each fruit weigh about 21 g with bearing of 50 fruits per plant . This cultivar is resistant to bacterial wilt and little leaf disease.

27. Pusa Kranti : This cultivar is dwarf and spreading habit. Fruits are oblong with attractive purple colour . This cultivar is good for both spring and autumn planting under north Indian conditions. The average yield varies from 25-30 t/ha.

28. Krishnanagar Green long: It is a very popular variety in south India . Fruits are long, green and fleshy with scanty seeds . The average yield varies from 25-30 t/ha. Arka Sheel : The fruits are medium long , with deep shining purple colour . The duration of this is 150 to 160 days. The yield varies from 35 to 40 t/ha.

29. Arka Anand It is a high yielding F1 hybrid with resistance to Bacterial wilt. Suitable for Kharif and Rabi. Avg fruit weight is 50-55 g. Yields 60-65 t/ha in 140-150 days.

30. Arka Keshav (BWR-21) Derivative of the cross Dingrass Multiple Purple X Arka Sheel Through pedigree method. Tall & branched plants bearing long fruits in clusters. Red purple glossy fruit skin with green calyx. Green leaves with purple leaf base and purple veins when young. Light purple green stem . Fruits tender with slow seed maturity with no bitter principles.

31. Arka Navneeth A F1 hybrid between IIHR 22-1 and Supreme Green angular leaves. Large oval fruits with deep purple shining skin. Calyx green, thick and fleshy. Average fruit weight 450g. Free from bitter principles with very good cooking qualities. Duration 150-160 days .

32. Arka Neelkanth (BWR-54 ) Derivative of the cross Dingrass Multiple Purple X Arka Sheel through pedigreemethod Tall & compact plants Bearing small fruits in clusters. Violet blue glossy fruit skin with green purple calyx. Dark green leaves with purple leaf base and purple veins when young. Purple green stem Fruits tender with slow seed maturity with no bitter principle. Resistant to bacterial wilt . Duration 150 days. Yield 43 t/ha.

33. Arka Shirish (IIHR 194-1 ) Pure line selection from IIHR 194-1, a local collection from Karnataka Tall plants, green leaves with white flowers. Fruits green, extra long . solitary bearing habit. Duration 140-150 days. Yield 39 t/ha  

34. Arka Nidhi (BWR-12 ) Derivative of the cross Dingrass Multiple Purple X Arka Sheel through pedigree method. Tall & compact plants Bearing medium long fruits in clusters , Blue black flossy fruit skin with green purple calyx . Dark green leaves with purple leaf base and purple veins. Deep purple green stem. Fruits tender with slow seed maturity with no bitter principles. Resistant to bacterial wilt. Duration 150 days. Yield 48.5 t/ha.

35. Punjab Barsati : It is released from PAU, Ludhiana. Fruits are 18-20 cm long and 4-6 cm in diameter. The average yield 350-400q/ha . Pant Smart: Released from GBPUAT, Pantnagar . Plants are tall and vigorous, medium long fruits borne in clusters. Purple green in colour , resistant to bacterial wilt and tolerant to shoot and fruit borer. H -4: It has been released from HAU, Hissar . The fruits are long, thick with deep shining purple in colour . The average yield is 25 t/ha.

36. Azad hybrid : It is cross between Azad B1 and Kalyanpur-3. Plants semi erect, branched, early fruiting and round, yields about 45 tonnes /ha. Less prone to shoot and fruit borer infestation.

37. Pusa Purple Round : Fruits are purple in colour and each fruit weighing about 400-500g. It is highly resistant to little leaf virus diseases. Average yield varies from 25 to 30 t/ha .

38. Azad Kranti : Erect plant, narrow leaf, long fruits, dark purple in colour and fruit weighs 62g. The average yield is 30t/ha. II. Round varieties   Pant Rituraj : Semi erect plant. Fruits are round, dark purple in colour . Resistant to bacterial wilt and yields 40t/ha. Manjri : It is a selection from a local material recommended by the Department of Agriculture, Maharashtra state . The fruits are medium sized, round with purple colour . Average yield 27.5-30 t/ha.

39. Krishnanagar Purple Round: The fruits are large sized, round and dark purple in colour . Average yield varies from 250-30 t/ha. Punjab Bahar : The fruits are round with deep shining purple colour . The average fruit weighs 200-300g and yield varies from 35-40t /ha.

40. Hybrids: Pusa Anmol : It is a hybrid cultivar evolved from a cross between Pusa Purple Long and Hyderpur at IARI. It produces early and increased yield of about 80% over Pusa Purple Long. Pusa Hybrid-5 : Plants vigorous, fruits long, glossy, attractive, dark purple in colour . Fruit weighs about 100g. Average yield is about 52t/ha. Pusa Hybrid-6 : plants semi erect, vigorous , glossy, attractive purple colour .

41. Hisar Shyamal (H-8): Aushey X BR112. Plants erect, early, round fruits, tolerant to bacterial wilt. Arka Navneet : IIHR221 X Supreme . Fruits round to slightly oval in shape. Big size (400 to 500g). Yields about 65-75t/ha. F1 hybrids : Commercially marketed by IAHS in India are Long 13, Suphal and Round 14. Some of the F1 hybrids released by MAHYCO Seed Company are MHB-1, MHB-9 and MHB-20 ( Kalpatharu ).

42. Mattigulla : Plants are small, compact with spines on stem , leaves and fruit stalk. Fruits medium round green with white colour and this is a variety found in Udupi . West coast green round : Plants vigorous growing habit, fruits big green with white streaks. Resistant to bacterial wilt.

43. Tamil Nadu varieties CO2 KKM1 MDU1 PLR1

44. CULTIVATION PRACTICES Seed rate: Open pollinated varieties -200-250g seeds/ha Hybrids-100-120g seeds/ha. The raised nursery bed of size about 1.25 m width and 20 cm height and convenient length Seed bed treatment: Fumigation with 1.5% solution of formalin is found effective for controlling the mortality at seedling stage.

45. Seed treatment - Fungicide like Thiram or Captan at 3g/kg of seed before sowing protects the seedlings from soil borne diseases. Pro-tray raised seedlings- In order to get better crop establishment and to have uniform and healthy seedlings which are free from pests and diseases.

46. Spacing: Vigorous growing, round and high yielding cultivars- 75 x 60cm or 90 x 90cm Early and dwarf type- 45 x 45cm Semi-vigorous or mid season types- 60 x45cm Open pollinated varieties -90 x 50cm F1 hybrids- 90 x 60cm or 100 x 50cm

47. Transplanting: When the seedlings are 4-6 weeks old or at 3-4 leaf stage. Ridges and furrows are prepared at appropriate distance depending upon the fertility of the soil. The field is irrigated lightly, one day before planting, holes at appropriate spacing are made and seedlings are planted on sides of ridges with one seedling per hill . Light irrigation is done after planting.

48. Manures & Fertilizers: FYM- 25t/ha NPK- For OP varieties- 120:80:50 kg/ha For F1 hybrids- 180:150:120 kg/ha Note: For OP- Entire quantity of P and K and Half dose of N. remaining N apply as a top dressing 30 DAT For F1 - Basal dose-Entire quantity of P and 1/3 rd of N and half of K Top dressing- Half of K and 1/3 rd N 30 DAT. Third dose- remaining N is applied 50 DAT.

49. Weeding: Brinjal being a slow-growing crop is unable to compete with fast-growing weeds. Shallow inter-cultivation is given to remove weeds from the early growth itself . About 3-4 hoeings are normally needed for an effective control of weeds, proper aeration and good growth of the plants. Mulching in brinjal with black polythene film reduces weed growth, increases crop growth, early bearing and total yield.

50. Irrigation: High yields of brinjal are obtained under optimum moisture conditions. Timely irrigation is essential for good fruit set and its development. Once in 3-4 days during summer season Once in 12-15 days interval during winter season.

51. Irrigation is given according to local need taking into consideration soil type, stage of crop growth and weather condition. Drip system of irrigation effectively reduces the water use, controls the weeds and increases the yield. With drip system and black polythene mulching , irrigation requirements reduced by about 30% and yield increased by 18-20%.

52. Use of growth regulators in brinjal MH @ 100-500 ppm – To produce mail sterility to produce F1 hybrid seeds. 2,4-D @ 0.00025% as a foliar spray to freshly opened flower cluster – To induce parthenocarpy NAA @ 0.25 ml/l at 60, 90 & 120 DAT –Reduces flower and fruit dropping. Tricontinal @ 1.25 ml/l at 20-35 DAT- Acts as antitranspirent

53. HARVESTING AND YIELD Brinjal fruits are harvested for the market when they have developed to a normal size, have good colour , are immature, tender and have not lost culinary qualities . Frequency of harvesting depends on the size of fruit. Small-sized fruits are harvested more frequently than bigger or heavy fruits. When fruits look dull , it is an indication of over maturity and lost of quality.

54. Pressing the thumb against the side of the fruit can test the maturity of the fruit. If the pressed portion springs back to its original shape, the fruit is too immature. The average yield varies about 34-45 t/ha for open pollinated varieties while for hybrids the average yield will be 65-75t/ha .

55. Pest and diseases of brinjal

56. Brinjal fruit and shoot borer ( Leucinodes orbonalis ) Fruit and shoot borer is the most destructive pest of brinjal , widely distributed in the Indian sub-continent and also in Thailand, South Africa & Malaysia. This pest is active through out the year at places having moderate climate but it is adversely affected by severe cold . The damage by this insect starts soon after transplanting of the seedlings and continues till harvest of fruits. Eggs are laid singly on ventral surface of leaves , shoots, and flower-buds and occasionally on fruits.

57. Symptom : On young plants, appearance of wilted drooping shoots and these affected shoots ultimately wither and die away. At later stage, the caterpillars bore into flower buds and fruits , entering from under the calyx , they have no visible sign of infestation, but the caterpillars feed inside. Flower buds shed without blossoming and fruits show circular exit holes. Infected fruits, being partially unfit for human consumption, lose their market value.

58. FSB Damage to fruits

59. Management: Apply neem cake containing 8% oil @250-500 kg/ha to ridges at planting and repeat at flowering (against ash weevil and fruit borer) Weekly monitor wilting shoot tips having borer incidence. Cut and destroy such insect damaged shoot tips during pre-flowering and flowering period. Regular destruction of larvae in swollen damaged flower buds and fruits after each harvest is compulsory. Erect pheromone trap (20-30/ ha) and change the pheromone septa once in 50-60days.

60. Spray- Bacillus thuringiensis formulation (1 ml/L) at weekly interval followed by release of Trichogramma chilonis @ 2,50,000/ha (50,000/ release-5 times at weekly intervals , starting from flowering) was found to reduce the borer incidence. Spray Rynaxypyr (0.3 ml/L) once in 15 days if required for controlling fruit borer. Spark( Deltamethrin + trizophos ) at 0.1% .

61. Mass trapping of brinjal shoot and fruit borer

62. Sucking Pests 1.Aphids ( Lipaphis erysimi ) The nymphs and adults are suck sap from leaves resulting in yellowing, downward curling, crinkling, stunted, shriveling and retard growth. This pest is very active from December to March . They are seen feeding in large numbers, often covering the entire surface. Owing to feeding on cell sap, the vitality of plants is greatly reduced. The leaves acquire a curly appearance .

63. Control Installation of yellow sticky traps about 4-5/ha ii. Chemical- confidar at 0.5ml, Dimethoate at 2ml iii. Apply neem cake at 250kg/ha

64. 2. Leaf hopper ( Amrasca bigutella bigutella ) The nymphs and adults are very agile and more briskly forward the side ways. Nymphs and adults remain in large numbers and suck the sap from the undersurface of the leaves. While feeding, they inject the toxin saliva into the plant tissues. The leaves shows symptoms of hopper burn such as yellowing upward curling, bronzing and even drying of leaves. The crop becomes stunted and often in highly susceptible varieties it cause complete mortality of the plants.

65. Control Apply 250kg neem cake/ha Spraying of neem soap at 1% or NSKE at 4% Any systemic insecticide- Dimethoate at 2ml, Acephate at 1g, Imidocloropid at 0.3ml Apply granular insecticides like furudan at 30kg/ha at the time of transplanting. Followed 3 fortnightly sprays with Cypermethrin at 0.4ml .

66. 3. White Fly ( Bemisia tabaci ) Nymphs and adults suck sap from leaves. Symptoms- Yellowing of leaves, upward curling, mottling, crinkling and chlorosis . They feed on cell sap causing damage in two ways: The vitality of plant is lowered through the loss of cell sap. (b) Normal photosynthesis is interfered with due to the growth of a sooty mould on the honey dew excreted by the insect. From a distance the attacked crop gives a sickly, black appearance.

67. Control i . Install yellow sticky traps 4-5/ha ii. Spraying of NSKE at 4%, neem soap/ pongamia soap at 1% iii. Chemical- T riazophos at 1.5ml, Methyl demeton at 0.5ml, Rogar at 2ml.

68. 4.Red Spider Mites ( Tetranychus urticae ) The nymph and adults are red in color. Its infestation is severe in dry and warm atmosphere. The nymph and adult suck the cell saps from under surface of the leaf. The leaf dried and dropped away incase of severe infestation. Colonies of red mites are found feeding on ventral surface of leaves under protective cover of fine silken webs, resulting in yellow spots on dorsal surface of leaves. Control- Dusting the crops with wettable sulphur at 20- 25kg/ha.

69. Root Knot Nematodes Common plant parasitic nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp. i.e., incognita, javanica ) in India and infestation of these nematodes is common in brinjal. The root knot nematode damage is more harmful to seedling than to older plants. Nematodes infest the roots and cause root galls. The affected plant becomes stunted and the leaves show chlorotic symptoms. Infestation of these nematodes greatly hampers the yield of the crop.

70. Control 1. Deep summer ploughing . 2. Follow crop rotation 3. Grow resistant verities like Black beauty, Banaras Ginat . 4. Incorporate Carbofuran or phorate @ 25 kg/ ha in the soil.

71. DISEASES OF BRINJAL Alternaria Blight ( Alternaria spp.) Causes characteristic spot on the leaf with concentric rings. Affected leaves may drop off . It may also infect fruits that turn yellow and may drop off prematurely. Control 1.Follow long term crop rotation with non solanaceous crop. 2.Grow resistant varieties 3.Provide proper drainage  4.Drench the soil with a mixture of Bavisin (0.1%)

72. Fusarium Wilt ( Fusarium solani ) Fusarium wilt Underground stems become dry and brown as a result of cortical decay while roots may have soft and water soaked appearance . Stunted growth, withering of immature fruits, yellowing of lower leaves, drooping of the apical portion, browning of vascular bundles and ultimate drying of the whole plant. Wilting of seedlings is also a common characteristics of the diseases. Control Crop rotation Burning of soil with dry leaves prior to planting. Drenching soil with COC.

73. Damping Off ( Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., Rhizoctonia spp.) The disease causes severe damage in the nursery. High soil moisture and moderate temperature along with high humidity especially in the rainy season leads to the development of the disease. Pre-emergence damping-off: seed and seedling rot before these emerge out of the soil . Post-emergence damping-off: The collar portion rots and ultimately the seedlings collapse and die.

74. Control: Healthy seed should be selected for sowing. The seed should be treated with Thiram @ 2g/kg of seed before sowing. Continuous raising of nursery in the same plot should be avoided. Soil solarization by spreading 250 gauge polythene sheet over the bed for 30 days before sowing and application of bio-control agent Trichoderma viride in soil @ 1.2 kg/ha .

75. Cercospora Leaf Spot ( Cercospora egenula ) The disease is favored by high relative humidity. The leaf spots are characterized by chlorotic lesions, angular to irregular in shape, later turning grayish brown with profuse sporulation at the centre of the spot. Severely infected leaves drop off prematurely. Control Foliar application of Chlorothalonil (0.2%) on 20 th day / one day prior to planting .

76. BACTERIAL DISEASES OF BRINJAL Bacterial Wilt ( Pseudomonas solanacearum ) The characteristic symptoms include wilting of the foliage followed by collapse of the entire plant. The wilting is characterized by dropping and slight yellowing of leaves and vascular discoloration. The infected cut stems pieces when dipped in water, a white milky stream of bacterial oozes coming out which is the diagnostic symptom for bacterial wilt.

77. Control          1. Follow crop rotation . 2. Rogue out the infected plants and destroy them 3. Raise nursery in disease free beds . 4. Soil fumigation with Formalin at 7% before sowing. 5. Seed treatment with Streptocycline (150 ppm ) for 90 minutes.

78. Little Leaf of Brinjal ( Phytoplasma ) A serious viral disease of brinjal, transmitted by leaf hopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula ). The infected leaves show a reduction in size and are malformed i nto tiny chlorotic structure. All the flowers become phylloid , leaves become smaller. In severe cases, excessive crowding of short branches and production of smaller leaves give plant a rosette appearance. The infected plants generally do not bear any fruit or either the fruit becomes hard and tough.

79. Control 1. Collect the seeds from virus free plants. 2. Rough out the infected plants from the field. 3. Spray Dimlethoate (0.05%) or Monocrotophos (0.05% at 10 days interval ) 4. Disease resistant variety such as Pusa purple Cluster should be cultivated

80. NATURALLY OCCURRING PREDATORS Spider Dragon fly Ladybird larva Ladybird adult

81. Thank you

82. Contents Introduction of Production technology of brinjal Brinjal cultivation area Uses Composition / 100 g of edible portion Botanical features of brinjal Botanical varieties under species – Solanum melongena Climate Soil requirements Season Varieties-IIHR varieties other varieties Hybrids

83. Contents Mahyco hybrid fruit characteristics Cultivation practices-seed rate, seed bed treatment, seed treatment, portray raised seedling, spacing, transplanting, manures and fertilizers ,weeding ,irrigation Uses of growth regulators in brinjal Harvesting and yield Pest and diseases of brinjal