BRM PPT BBA Cali cut university brm.pptx

HRM

1. Theory building

2. Theory The word theory is derived from the Greek word “ theoria ” which means contemplation or speculation . • According to Jack Gibbs, theory is a set of logically interrelated statements in the form of empirical assertions about properties of infinite class of events or things. • A good theory is a statement of relations among concepts within a set of assumptions and constraints .

3. Theory building Theory building involves a process of moving from observations to generalizations or from general statements to specific hypotheses, with a continuous refinement of the theory through empirical testing . After the analysis of the data (empirical verification), we have to draw broad conclusions and generalizations. This process is known as theory building. It is inductive in nature.

4. Induction and Deduction Approaches of Theory development Induction and deduction are two techniques of reasoning used for arriving at generalization and valid conclusions

5. INDUCTION METHOD The induction method consists of studying several individual cases and drawing a generalization . Moves from particular to general Induction method is bottom to up in nature It is developmental This does not give 100% guarantee of truth but probability of being true

6. DEDUCTION METHOD Deduction follows an approach which is ‘ top down ’ or from general to particular. In deduction, we start from a theory and try to prove it right with the help of available information . It is a reasoning process of applying a generally accepted principle to a specific individual case

7. Constructs and concepts Constructs and concepts are characteristics or elements that help us understand and measure various aspects of individuals and organizations. Constructs are more abstract and general, while concepts are concrete and measurable components of constructs. Constructs are like the big picture, while concepts are the smaller pieces that make up that picture .

8. For example, “job competence” is a construct that encompasses the concepts of knowledge, skills, and attitude . Similarly, “quality of a television” is a construct, and its concepts include picture quality, sound quality, and contrast ratio.

9. Theory building and concepts Theory building involves creating a system of related concepts, definitions, and predictions to explain or foresee phenomena. Concepts are fundamental elements in theory building and represent common features or characteristics . For instance, “running,” “walking,” and “crawling” are concepts for observing people’s movements. Concepts help researchers understand and study different aspects of the phenomena they investigate . They’re like the building blocks of scientific research. Researchers should develop their concepts and avoid blindly borrowing them from other studies.

10. Operational Definitions An operational definition specifies how to measure or test a variable using specific criteria. It transforms theoretical concepts into observable terms by defining them through measurable procedures .

11. VARIABLES (Dictionary meaning- changing or changeable) A variable is anything that can change in its quantity or value. Variable is an attribute on which thing vary or change. Example: - sales, profits, etc. CONSTANTS (Dictionary meaning fixed or not changeable) A Constant is anything that cannot change in its quantity or value. Example: - phone number, names of things and individual

12. ATTRIBUTES An attribute is a specific value on a variable Example: - 1 . The attribute of variable GENDER is MALE or FEMALE. 2. The attributes of variable AGREEMENT is SA (strongly agree)/A/ NEUTRAL/D/SD.

13. PROPOSITIONS Propositions serve to bring together the concept of the theory . A proposition is a statement about concepts or observable phenomena that can be either true or false. They help explain the relationships between concepts in a theory. For example, if we say “Higher education leads to better job opportunities,” that’s a proposition because it makes a statement about the relationship between education and job opportunities. It can be true for some people but not for others

14. HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis is specific statement of prediction for an observable phenomenon and it is formulated for empirical testing. Hypothesis is a tentative solution /explanation//a guess/assumption /statement to the problem facing the researcher. Hypothesis may or may not real solution or finding to the problem. Example: - students from IIMs are placed faster than other B schools.

15. Features of Hypothesis : Empirically testable (practical to collect data). Simple , clear, and precise. Specific and relevant. Predictable. Manageable.

16. Functions of Hypothesis: Brings clarity to the research problem. Provides focus for the study. Specifies which aspects of a research problem to investigate. Indicates what data to collect and what not to collect. Enhances objectivity. Formulates theory. Enables conclusions about truth or falsehood.

17. Importance of Research Hypothesis: Gives direction to research. Specifies the research focus. Helps develop research techniques. Prevents blind research. Ensures accuracy and precision. Saves resources (money, energy, and time)

18. Types of Hypotheses : 1 . Simple Hypothesis : Reflects a relationship between two variables (independent and dependent ). 2. Complex Hypothesis : Reflects relationships among more than two variables, involving multiple independent and dependent variables. 3. Working Hypothesis : Accepted for testing and research, assumed to explain certain phenomena . 4. Alternative Hypothesis (H1) : Formulated if the working hypothesis is rejected, offering an alternative assumption to be tested .

19. Types of Hypotheses : 5 . Null Hypothesis (H0) : Suggests no relationship between variables, often the target for rejection to confirm a relationship. 6. Statistical Hypothesis: To be tested statistically, utilizing quantitative techniques like t-tests or F-tests. 7. Logical Hypothesis: Expresses relationships that can be logically verified, based on logical explanations and may or may not involve statistical testing.